PowerPoint™ Presentations prepared by: Naomi Young University of California, San Diego Human Communication: The Basic Course Twelfth Edition Joseph A. DeVito Hunter College of the City University of New York
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Chapter Ten: Small Groups and Teams
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Chapter Goals Learn About: The nature and types of small groups The stages and formats of small groups The structure and function of idea generation, personal growth, information sharing, and problem-solving groups Learn To: Use small groups to achieve a variety of personal, social, and professional goals Participate effectively in a variety of small groups Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Small Groups And Teams The Small Group A collection of individuals Common purpose Interdependent Organizing rules Self-perception as a group The Team Constructed for a specific task Clearly defined roles Goals directed Content focused
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Virtual Groups and Teams Serve relationship and social purposes Businesses and professional purposes - Twitter - Twitter -Facebook -Facebook Used for finding jobs Conducting business Solving organizational problems Conducting any kind of function that a Face-to-face group can of function that a Face-to-face group can
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Small Group Stages oOpening Stage oFeedforward oBusiness oFeedback oClosing
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Small Group Formats Round table
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Small Group Formats Round table The Panel
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Small Group Formats Round table Panel Symposium
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Small Group Formats Round table Panel Symposium Symposium- Forum
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Small Group Culture oSmall Group Norms oHigh Context oLow context -Explicit -Implicit oNorms Apply to -Individuals -Group as a whole
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Power in Small Group oPower is what enables one person to control behaviors of others oPower permeates all small groups oPower in Small Groups Legitimate Referent Reward Coercive Expert Information or persuasive
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Idea-Generation Groups oSmall groups that exist to generate ideas and often follow a pattern called ‘brainstorming’ oBrain-storming Rules Don’t criticize Strive for quantity Combine and extend ideas Develop the wildest ideas possible
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Personal Growth Groups oTypes Encounter group Assertiveness training Consciousness-Raising oRules Unique rules in group All members speak in turn
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Information Sharing Groups oTypes Educational/Learn ing group Focus group oRules Unique rules in group All members speak in turn
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Problem-Solving Groups John Dewey (1910)- Six Steps
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Problem Solving in Groups Step 1 - Define and Analyze the Problem –Duration –Causes –Effects Step 2- Establish Criteria for Evaluation –Practical criteria –Value criteria Step 3 - Identify Possible Solutions –Focus on quantity –Brainstorm
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Step 4 - Evaluate Solutions –Fact hat –Feeling hat –Negative argument hat –Positive benefit hat –Creative new idea hat –Control of thinking hat Step 5 - Select Best Solution –Decision by authority Majority rule Consensus Problem Solving in Groups
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Step 6 - Test the Selected solution(s) –If solutions prove ineffective, repeat part of the process –Select other solutions to test –Reanalysis of the problem –identification of other solutions –restatement of evaluation criteria Problem Solving in Groups
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Nominal Group Technique 1. The problem is defined and clarified for all members 2. Each member writes down their ideas 3. Each member—in sequence—states one idea from a list 4. Each suggestion is clarified (without debate) 5. Each member rank-orders the suggestions in writing 6. The rankings of the members are combined to get a group ranking 7. Clarification, discussion, and possible reordering possible reordering 8. The highest-ranking or several high-ranking solutions may then be put into operation and tested Uses limited discussion and confidential voting to obtain a group decision
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Problem Solving Groups at Work The Delphi Method A group of “experts” No interaction among them Communicate by repeatedly responding to questionnaires Quality Circles- A group of 6 to 12 workers Investigate and make recommendations for improving the quality of some organizational function Investigate problems using any method that might be helpful using any method that might be helpful
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Knowledge to Action Think of a time when a group you worked in was very productive. How did the problem- solving sequence play out?