SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 6

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.2 FUNCTIONS Supports body structure and provides shape to the body Protects internal organs Allows movement and anchorage of muscles Provides mineral storage Allows hemopoiesis

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.3 STRUCTURE AND FORMATION OF BONE Bones consist of microscopic cells called osteocytes Ossification is the process where mineral matter starts to replace cartilage, creating bone

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.4 STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE Diaphysis is the long, hollow cylinder of hard, compact bone At each end of the diaphysis is an epiphysis The medullary canal in the center, is filled with marrow, and is surrounded by compact or hard bones

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.5 STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.6 STRUTURE OF LONG BONE The endosteum is the lining of the marrow canal that keeps the cavity intact Periosteum, a tough, fibrous tissue containing blood vessels, lymph nodes and nerves covers the outside

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.7 GROWTH Bones grow in length and ossify from the center toward the extremities Osteoblasts are bone cells that deposit new bone Osteoclasts are bone cells that secrete enzymes to dissolve bone structure

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.8 BONE TYPES Four types of bones are: –Long bones - upper and lower arms and legs –Flat bones - skull and ribs –Irregular bones - spinal column –Short bones - wrists and ankles

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.9 PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial Skeleton consists of: –Skull –Spinal column –Ribs –Sternum (breast bone) –Hyoid bone

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.10 PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Appendicular Skeleton –Shoulder Girdle –Arm –Hand –Pelvic Girdle –Upper Leg –Lower Leg –Ankle –Foot

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.11 PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.12 JOINTS AND RELATED STRUCTURES Diarthroses (movable) joints –Ball-and-socket joints –Hinge joints –Pivot joints –Gliding joints Amphiarthroses (partially movable) joints Synarthroses (immovable) joints

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.13 JOINTS AND RELATED STRUCTURES

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.14 TYPES OF MOTION Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction Rotation Pronation

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.15 DISORDERS OF THE BONES AND JOINTS Fracture –Greenstick –Closed/simple –Open/compound –Comminuted Dislocation Sprain

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.16 DISORDERS OF THE BONES AND JOINTS

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.17 DISEASES OF THE BONES Arthritis: –Rheumatoid, Osteoarthritis Gout Rickets Slipped (herniated) disk Whiplash injury Abnormal curvatures of the spine

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.18 OTHER MEDICALLY RELATED DISORDERS Osteoporosis Osteomyelitis Osteosarcoma