Cecie Starr | Beverly McMillan Chapter 5 The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System 5 Key Concepts The Structure and Functions of Bones The Skeleton Joints Disorders of the Skeleton

The Skeletal System 5 Joint problems due to: –Disease –Sports injuries –Obesity –Aging –Osteoarthritis Traditional vs. nontraditional remedies for arthritis p87

5.1 Bone: Mineralized Connective Tissue Bones are composed of connective tissue hardened by the mineral calcium The Structure and Functions of Bones

5.1 Bone: Mineralized Connective Tissue Bones –Living cells and matrix –Periosteum Osteoblasts –Secretion of collagen and elastin and other substances Osteocytes Figure 5-1 p88

5.1 Bone: Mineralized Connective Tissue space occupied by living bone cell blood vessel compact bone tissue spongy bone tissue osteon (Haversian system) Figure 5-1a p88

5.1 Bone: Mineralized Connective Tissue spongy bone tissue compact bone tissue outer layer of dense connective tissue blood vessel Figure 5-1b p88

5.1 Bone: Mineralized Connective Tissue Compact bone –Dense tissue –Osteon (Haversian system) Spongy bone –Inside long bone’s shaft –Looks lacy; quite strong How do nutrients get to bone tissue? There are two types of bone tissue. Figure 5-1 p88

5.1 Bone: Mineralized Connective Tissue Early human embryo –Cartilage and membranes Bone-forming osteoblasts form around cartilage shaft Calcification, blood vessels, and nerves infiltrate the bone tissue Epiphysis –Epiphyseal plate of cartilage A bone develops on a cartilage model. Forming bone collar epiphyses Mature bone of adult Cartilage model of future bone in embryo Figure 5-2 p89

Forming bone collar Cartilage model of future bone in embryo When organs form in embryo, blood vessel invades model; osteoblasts start producing bone tissue; marrow cavity forms Remodeling and growth continue in newborn; secondary bone-forming centers appear at knobby ends of bone Mature bone of adult epiphyses Stepped Art

5.1 Bone: Mineralized Connective Tissue Osteoclasts and bone remodeling Important functions –Keeps bones resilient –Mechanical stress –Repair of broken bones –During growth –Homeostasis of blood calcium levels Osteoporosis- causes and treatments Bone tissue is constantly “remodeled.”

5.2 The Skeletal System: The Body’s Bony Framework Bones provide a hard surface against which muscles can exert force to move body parts The Skeleton

5.2 The Skeletal System: The Body’s Bony Framework Vary in size and shape –Long and slender –Short –Flat –“Irregular” Complex tissue: associated with joints, blood vessels, and nerves Bone marrow –Formation of blood cells –Role of long bones, flat bones, and irregular bones

5.2 The Skeletal System: The Body’s Bony Framework Organization of human’s 206 bones –Axial skeleton –Appendicular skeleton Ligaments –Connect bones to joints Tendons –Attach muscles to bones or other muscles The skeletal system consists of bones, ligaments, and tendons.

nutrient canal into and from marrow (for blood vessels and nerves) marrow cavity compact bone tissue spongy bone tissue Figure 5-3 p90

Table 5-1 p90

Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton A Skull bones Cranial bones Pectoral girdle and upper limb bones D Facial bones B Rib cage Clavicle (collarbone) SCAPULA (shoulder blade) Sternum (breastbone) HUMERUS (upper arm bone) RADIUS (forearm bone) ULNA (forearm bone) CARPALS (wrist bones) CVertebral column, or backbone Vertebrae (twenty-six bones) Intervertebral disks Metacarpals (palm bones) Phalanges (thumb, finger bones) EPelvic girdle and lower limb bones Pelvic girdle (six fused bones) Femur (thighbone) Patella (kneebone) Tibia (lower leg bone) Fibula (lower leg bone) Tarsals (ankle bones) Metatarsals (sole bones) Phalanges (toe bones) ligament (to knee cap) Ribs (twelve pairs) 5.2 The Skeletal System Figure 5-4 p91

5.2 The Skeletal System: The Body’s Bony Framework Movement Support and anchor skeletal muscles Enclose and protect organs Store calcium and phosphorus Blood cell formation Bones have several important functions. Take home message What are the parts of the skeletal system?

5.3 The Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton supports much of our body weight and protects many internal organs

5.3 The Axial Skeleton Brain case with sinuses Frontal bone Temporal bones Sphenoid bone The skull protects the brain.

5.3 The Axial Skeleton frontal bone parietal bone sphenoid bone ethmoid bone temporal bone lacrimal bone zygomatic bone maxilla occipital bone external auditory meatus (opening of the ear; part of the temporal bone) mandible Figure 5-5a p92

5.3 The Axial Skeleton frontal sinus sphenoid sinus ethmoid sinus maxillary sinus Figure 5-5c p93

5.3 The Axial Skeleton Parietal bones Occipital bone Foramen magnum Ethmoid bone The skull protects the brain.

5.3 The Axial Skeleton hard palate maxilla palatine bone zygomatic bone vomer sphenoid bone jugular foramen temporal bone foramen magnum occipital bone parietal bone Figure 5-5b p92

5.3 The Axial Skeleton Mandible Maxillary bones Zygomatic bones Lacrimal bone Palatine bones Vomer bone Facial bones support and shape the face. Figure 5-5a p92

5.3 The Axial Skeleton Flexible backbone Protects spinal cord Thirty-three vertebrae –Cervical –Thoracic –Lumbar –Sacral –Coccyx Intervertebral disks: absorb shocks –Composition –Herniated disk The vertebral column is the backbone.

5.3 The Axial Skeleton cervical vertebrae (7) thoracic vertebrae (12) lumbar vertebrae (5) intervertebral disks sacrum (5 fused) coccyx (4 fused) Figure 5-6 p93

5.3 The Axial Skeleton Ribs –Attached to vertebral column –Protection of several organs –Role in breathing Sternum –Attached to upper ribs The ribs and sternum support and help protect internal organs. Take home message What are the parts of the axial skeleton?

5.4 The Appendicular Skeleton The appendicular skeleton includes the bones that support the limbs, upper chest, shoulders, and pelvis

5.4 The Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle Scapula Clavicle The pectoral girdle and upper limbs provide flexibility. clavicle sternum humerus ulna radius carpals (8) metacarpals (5) phalanges (14) scapula Figure 5-7 p94

5.4 The Appendicular Skeleton Arm and hand bones –Humerus –Radius and ulna –Carpals; carpal tunnel syndrome –Metacarpals –Phalanges Pectoral girdle Scapula Clavicle clavicle sternum humerus ulna radius carpals (8) metacarpals (5) phalanges (14) scapula Figure 5-7 p94

5.4 The Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic girdle –Coxal bones –Pubic arch –Differences between males and females Leg and foot bones –Femur –Tibia and fibula –Tarsals –Metatarsals pelvis sacrum pubic symphysis femur patella tibia fibula metatarsals phalanges tarsals Figure 5-8 p95 Take home message What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton?

5.5 Joints: Connections between Bones Joints are areas of contact or near contact between bones All joints have some form of connective tissue that bridges the gap between bones Joints

5.5 Joints: Connections between Bones Synovial joint –Synovial fluid –Movement Cartilaginous joint –Slight movement Fibrous joint –No cavity –Generally no movement

5.5 Joints: Connections between Bones fibrous joint attaches tooth to jawbone synovial joint (ball and socket) between humerus and scapula cartilaginous joint between rib and sternum cartilaginous joint between adjacent vertebrae synovial joint (hinge type) between humerus and radius synovial joint (ball and socket) between pelvic girdle and femur Figure 5-9a p96

femur patella cartilage ligaments menisci tibia fibula 5.5 Joints: Connections between Bones Figure 5-9b p96

5.5 Joints: Connections between Bones flexion at shoulder hyperextension extension at shoulder flexion at kneeextension at knee A flexion and extension Figure 5-10a p97

5.5 Joints: Connections between Bones circumduction rotation B circumduction and rotation abduction adduction abduction adduction C abduction and adduction Figure 5-10bc p97

5.5 Joints: Connections between Bones supination pronation D supination and pronation Figure 5-10d p97

5.5 Joints: Connections between Bones E gliding movement between carpals Take home message What is a joint? Figure 5-10e p97

5.6 Disorders of the Skeleton Tissue in bones or joints may break down –Osteoarthritis –Rheumatoid arthritis –Tendinitis –Carpal tunnel syndrome Inflammation is the culprit in repetitive motion injuries Disorders of the Skeleton

5.6 Disorders of the Skeleton Causes and treatments of some joint injuries –Strain –Sprain –Dislocation Joints are susceptible to strains, sprains, and dislocations.

Figure 5-11 p98

5.6 Disorders of the Skeleton Types of bone fractures –Simple –Complete –Compound Treatment Effect of aging and smoking on healing Bones break in various ways. CCompoundCompleteBASimple Figure 5-13 p99

5.6 Disorders of the Skeleton Causes and treatments of some skeletal disorders –Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) –Bone and bone marrow infections –Osteosarcoma Genetic diseases, infections, and cancer all may affect the skeleton. Figure 5-14 p99

5.7 The Skeletal System in Homeostasis

p100 The Skeletal System The skeleton supports and helps protect soft body parts. Bones, joints, tendons, and ligaments all have essential roles in moving the body and its parts. Bone is a reservoir for calcium, which is vital for many body functions including muscle contractions, the transmission of nerve impulses, and blood clotting. Calcium also is required for the proper functioning of some enzymes and of proteins in the cell plasma membrane.

p100 Integumentary system Muscular system Skeletal muscles attach to bones, which serve as levers for body movements. Bone calcium may be released as needed to maintain blood levels required for muscle contractions. The skeleton provides support for skin and the muscles below it.

p100 Digestive system Cardiovascular system and blood Immunity and the lymphatic system White blood cells that function in body defenses form in bone marrow. Bone calcium is available for heart contractions that pump blood. All types of blood cells form in red bone marrow. Bone stores dietary calcium and phosphorus. Bones of the rib cage and pelvis protect organs including the stomach, liver, and intestines. Facial bones have sockets for teeth.

p100 Respiratory system Urinary system Nervous system The skull protects the brain. Vertebrae protect the spinal cord. Bone calcium stores may be released as needed to maintain blood levels required for transmission of nerve impulses. The rib cage partially protects the kidneys. The pelvis helps protect the bladder. The rib cage and sternum protect the lungs. Muscles used in breathing attach to ribs and associated cartilages.

p100 Sensory systems Endocrine system Reproductive system Pelvic bones protect female reproductive organs and associated glands in males. Calcium is available to help nourish a fetus and for milk production in a nursing mother. Calcium may be released as needed to maintain blood levels required for the formation and secretion of many hormones. Skull and facial bones surround and protect sensory organs in the head. Calcium in bones helps maintain blood levels required for transmission of sensory nerve impulses.

Table 5-2 p101