Chapter 2 Matter and Energy

2.1 Classification of Matter Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Classification of matters are ◦ Pure substance ◦ Mixture

Pure substance Has fixed or definite composition ◦ An element, the simplest type of pure substance and is composed of atoms  E.g. H, Na, O, C etc… ◦ A compound consists of atoms of two or more elements  Chemically combined in proportion and held together by a bond  E.g. H 2 O, NaCl, CO 2 etc…

Mixtures Two or more substances are physically mixed, not chemically combined. ◦ Homogeneous mixture or solution  Has a uniform composition  E.g.air contains oxygen and nitrogen ◦ Heterogeneous mixture  Does not have a uniform composition  E.g.raisins in cookie

2.2 States and Properties of Matters Solids have a definite shape. a definite volume. particles that are close together in a fixed arrangement. particles that move very slowly. 5

2.2 States and Properties of Matters Liquids have an indefinite shape, but a definite volume. the same shape as their container. particles that are close together, but mobile. particles that move slowly. 6

2.2 States and Properties of Matters Gases have an indefinite shape. an indefinite volume. the same shape and volume as their container. particles that are far apart. particles that move very fast. 7

Summary of the States of Matter 8 Table 2.1

2.2 States and Properties of Matters Physical Properties: Characteristics that do not involve a change in a sample’s chemical makeup. Chemical Properties: Characteristics that do involve a change in a sample’s chemical makeup.

2.2 States and Properties of Matters Physical change occurs when matter changes its appearance but the composition stay the same Chemical change takes place when the original substance is converted into one or more new substances ◦ Have different physical and chemical properties

Examples Identify each as: 1) solid, 2) liquid, or 3) gas. ___ A. It has a definite volume, but takes the shape of the container. __ B. Its particles are moving rapidly. __ C. It fills the volume of a container. __ D. It has particles in a fixed arrangement. __ E. It has particles close together that are mobile. 11

Example What type of change, physical or chemical, takes place in the each of the following ◦ Water vapor condenses to form rain ◦ Cesium metal reacts explosively with water ◦ Gold melts at 1064 oC ◦ Food is digested

Energy Energy makes objects move. makes things stop. is needed to “do work.” 13

Work Work is done when you climb. you lift a bag of groceries. you ride a bicycle. you breathe. your heart pumps blood. water goes over a dam. 14

Potential Energy Potential energy is stored energy. Examples are water behind a dam. a compressed spring. chemical bonds in gasoline, coal, or food. 15

Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Examples are swimming. water flowing over a dam. working out. burning gasoline. 16

Units for Measuring Energy or Heat Heat is measured in joules or calories Joules (J) = 1 calorie (cal) 1 kJ = 1000 J 1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1000 calories (cal) 17

Examples of Energy In Joules 18

Examples Identify the energy as potential or kinetic. A. Rollerblading B. a peanut butter and jelly sandwich C. mowing the lawn D. gasoline in the gas tank 19

Example The energy needed to keep a 75-watt light bulb burning for 1.0h is 270KJ. Calculate the energy required to keep the light bulb burning for 3.0 h in each of the following energy units: a. Joulesb.kilocalories

2.3Temperature Conversion Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to another object. indicates that heat flows from the object with a higher temperature to the object with a lower temperature. is measured using a thermometer. 21

Temperature Scales 22 are Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. have reference points for the boiling and freezing points of water.

Examples A. What is the temperature of freezing water? 1) 0 °F 2) 0 °C 3) 0 K B. What is the temperature of boiling water? 1) 100 °F 2) 32 °F 3) 373 K C. How many Celsius units are between the boiling and freezing points of water? 1) 1002) 1803)

Fahrenheit Formula On the Fahrenheit scale, there are 180 °F between the freezing and boiling points; on the Celsius scale there are 100 °C. 180 °F = 9 °F =1.8 °F 100 °C 5 °C 1 °C In the formula for the Fahrenheit temperature, adding 32 ° adjusts the zero point of water from 0 °C to 32 °F. T F = 9/5 T C + 32  or T F = 1.8 T C + 32  24

Celsius Formula T C is obtained by rearranging the equation for T F. T F = 1.8T C + 32 ° Subtract 32 ° from both sides. T F - 32 ° = 1.8 T C ( + 32 ° – 32 °) T F - 32 ° = 1.8 T C Divide by 1.8 =°F - 32 ° = 1.8 T C T F - 32 ° = T C

Solving A Temperature Problem A person with hypothermia has a body temperature of 34.8 °C. What is that temperature in °F? T F = 1.8 T C + 32  T F = 1.8 (34.8 °C) + 32 ° exact 3 SFs exact = ° (addition) = 94.6 °F tenth’s 26

Kelvin Temperature Scale The Kelvin temperature scale has 100 units between the freezing and boiling points of water. 100 K = 100 °Cor 1 K = 1 °C is obtained by adding 273 to the Celsius temperature. T K = T C contains the lowest possible temperature, absolute zero (0 K). 0 K = –273 °C 27

Learning Check The normal body temperature of a chickadee is °F. What is that temperature on the Celsius scale? 1) 73.8 °C 2) 58.8 °C 3) 41.0 °C 28

Examples A pepperoni pizza is baked at 455 °F. What temperature is needed on the Celsius scale? 1) 423 °C 2) 235 °C 3) 221 °C and in the Kelvin scale? 29

2.5 Specific Heat Specific heat is different for different substances. is the amount of heat that raises the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 °C. in the SI system has units of J/g °C. in the metric system has units of cal/g °C. 30

Examples of Specific Heats 31 TABLE 2.7

Examples A. When ocean water cools, the surrounding air 1) cools. 2) warms.3) stays the same. B. Sand in the desert is hot in the day, and cool at night. Sand must have a 1) high specific heat. 2) low specific heat. 32

Heat = mass x specific heat x ΔT Heat Equation The amount of heat lost or gained by a substance is calculated from the mass of substance (g). temperature change (ΔT). specific heat of the substance (J/g °C). This is expressed as the heat equation. 33

Example How many kJ are needed to raise the temperature of 325 g of water from 15.0 °C to 77.0 °C? 1) 20.4 kJ 2) 77.7 kJ 3) 84.3 kJ 34

Example Calculate the Calories of one stalk of celery that produces energy to heat 505 g of water from 25.2 o C to 35.7 o C

Example What is the specific heat if 24.8 g of a metal absorbs 275 J of energy and the temperature rises from 20.2 °C to 24.5 °C? 36

Examples How many kcal are absorbed by ocean water if 3 x L of water in the Caribbean has an increase of 1 °C. Assume the specific heat of ocean water is the same as water. Assume the density of ocean water is 1.0 g/mL. 1) 3 x kcal 2) 3 x kcal 3) 3 x kcal 37

2.6 Energy and Nutrition Energy Values in Nutrition ◦ 1 Cal = 1 kcal = 1000 cal ◦ 1 Cal = kJ = 4184 J The number of Calories in a food is determined by using an apparatus called a calorimeter

Energy Value for Foods The energy (caloric) value of food are the kilocalories or kilojoules obtained from burning 1g of carbohydrate, fat or protein. Table 2.8 Typical Energy (caloric) values of the three food types

Examples At a fast-food restaurant, a hamburger contains 37g of carbohydrate, 19g of fat, and 24g of protein. What is the total energy content in kilocalories? Round off the answer to the tenth place

Example Using the energy values for food (Table 2.8), determine the grams of fat in one avocado that has 405 kcal, 13g of carbohydrate and 5g of protein. Round the answer to the tenth place

2.7 Changes of State A substance is melting while it changes from a solid to a liquid. is freezing while it changes from a liquid to a solid. such as water has a freezing (melting) point of 0 °C. 42

Calculations Using Heat of Fusion The heat of fusion is the amount of heat released when 1 gram of liquid freezes (at its freezing point). is the amount of heat needed to melt 1 gram of a solid (at its melting point). for water (at 0 °C) is 80. cal 1 g water 43

Calculation Using Heat of Fusion The heat needed to freeze (or melt) a specific mass of water (or ice) is calculated using the heat of fusion. Heat = g water (ice) x 80. cal 1 g water (ice) Example: How much heat in cal is needed to melt 15. g of ice? 15. g ice x 80. cal = 1200 cal 1 g ice 44

Examples A. How many calories are needed to melt 5.0 g of ice at 0 °C? 1) 80. cal2) 4.0 x 10 2 cal 3) 0 cal B. How many calories are released when 25 g of water at 0 °C freezes? 1) 80. cal2) 0 cal 3) 2.0 x 10 3 cal 45

Sublimation Sublimation occurs when particles change directly from solid to a gas. is typical of dry ice, which sublimes at -78  C. takes place in frost-free refrigerators. is used to prepare freeze- dried foods for long-term storage. 46 Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Evaporation and Condensation Water evaporates when molecules on the surface gain sufficient energy to form a gas. condenses when gas molecules lose energy and form a liquid. 47

Boiling At boiling, all the water molecules acquire enough energy to form a gas. bubbles appear throughout the liquid. 48

Heat of Vaporization The heat of vaporization is the amount of heat absorbed to vaporize 1 g of a liquid to gas at the boiling point. released when 1 g of a gas condenses to liquid at the boiling point. Boiling Point of Water = 100 °C Heat of Vaporization or condense (water) = 540 cal 1 g water 49

Examples How many kilocalories (kcal) are released when 50.0 g of steam from a volcano condenses at 100 °C? 1) 27 kcal 2) 540 kcal 3) 2700 kcal 50

Summary of Changes of State 51

Heating Curve A heating curve illustrates the changes of state as a solid is heated. uses sloped lines to show an increase in temperature. uses plateaus (flat lines) to indicate a change of state. 52

Examples A. A flat line on a heating curve represents 1) a temperature change. 2) a constant temperature. 3) a change of state. B. A sloped line on a heating curve represents 1) a temperature change. 2) a constant temperature. 3) a change of state. 53

Cooling Curve A cooling curve illustrates the changes of state as a gas is cooled. uses sloped lines to indicate a decrease in temperature. uses plateaus (flat lines) to indicate a change of state. 54

Examples Use the cooling curve for water to answer each. A. Water condenses at a temperature of 1) 0 °C.2) 50 °C.3) 100 °C. B. At a temperature of 0 °C, liquid water 1) freezes.2) melts.3) changes to a gas. C. At 40 °C, water is a 1) solid. 2) liquid.3) gas. D. When water freezes, heat is 1) removed.2) added. 55

Combined Heat Calculations To reduce a fever, an infant is packed in 250. g of ice. If the ice (at 0 °C) melts and warms to body temperature (37.0 °C), how many calories are removed from the body? 56

Example How many kilojoules of heat are released when 75g of steam at 100. o C is converted to ice at 0 o C?