Using High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors for low grade phosphate rock processing Nils Haneklaus1 , Ewald Schnug2, Harikrishnan Tulsidas3, Frederik Reitsma1.

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Presentation transcript:

Using High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors for low grade phosphate rock processing Nils Haneklaus1 , Ewald Schnug2, Harikrishnan Tulsidas3, Frederik Reitsma1 1 Section of Nuclear Power Technology Development, Division of Nuclear Power, IAEA, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria 2 Technical University Braunschweig - Faculty 2 Life Sciences, Pockelsstraße 14, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany 3 Section of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials, Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology, IAEA, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria

Introduction High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs) Phosphate rock – overview and uranium content HTGRs for energy neutral processing of low-grade phosphate rock Conclusions - outlook

High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs) Overview Structure: Thermal reactor Coolant: Helium Moderator: Graphite Characteristics: High efficiency Process heat Inherent safety characteristics Flexible fuel (Uranium/Thorium) Reactor core (pebble bed) Reactor core (block type) Side reflector Helium ≈ 250 ˚C Helium up to 1000 ˚C

(construction side Shandong Province) High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs) Past experience – current development DRAGON(1963-1976) PB-1 (1967-1974) AVR (1967-1988) FSR (1976-1989) THTR (1986-1989) PBMR (1994-2009) HTTR (since 1998) HTR-10 (since 2000) HTR-PM (under construction) HTR-PM (construction side Shandong Province)

Phosphate rock – resource that feeds the world Overview Finite resource – presently not recycled > 160 million metric tons/yr mined, 90% used for fertilizer production No substitute for phosphate rock in fertilizer production Lower grade deposits need to be developed Energy intensive thermal processes/beneficiation methods will have to be employed Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5053e/y5053e00.htm#Contents, accessed 2013-07-27

Phosphate rock Uranium content Phosphate rock contains considerable concentrations of ‘valuable’ impurities… Uranium (up to 400 ppm*) Thorium (up to 150 ppm*) …making it one of the largest unconventional uranium resource worldwide *ppm = parts per million Conventional uranium resources worldwide (14.413,7*10 t) 1 Estimated recoverable uranium resources from phosphate rock worldwide (5.665,97*10 t) 2 Source: 1IAEA Red Book 2011, 2Ulrich, A.E., Schnug E., Prasser H.-M., Frossard E., Uranium endowments in phosphate rock, Science of the Total Environment 478 (2014) 226-234

Limitations in Processing Low Grad Phosphate Rock High temperature gas-cooled reactors for energy neutral processing of low grade phosphate rock Process Heat for Phosphate conversion and U/Th recovery (thermal process) Chemicals for Phosphate Rock conversion (wet process) Phosphate Rock Phosphate Fertilizer Relatively Large Amounts of Waste (≈ 2-3 t P-gypsum per t fertilizer) Limitations in Processing Low Grad Phosphate Rock Uranium/Thorium High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor Reactor Fuel Manufacturing Source: Nils Haneklaus, Ewald Schnug, Harikrishnan Tulsidas, Bismark Tyobeka: Using high temperature gas-cooled reactors for greenhouse gas reduction and energy neutral production of phosphate fertilizers, Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2014

Conclusions - outlook Low grade phosphate rock may* be processed economically using high temperature gas-cooled reactors to power energy intensive thermal processing/beneficiation enabling… … recovery of presently lost uranium/thorium, (REE) resources … strongly reduced uranium/thorium contents in final products *The technological and economical feasibility of this idea will be elaborated within the next four years as part of a coordinated research project at IAEA “U/Th fuelled HTGR applications for energy neutral sustainable comprehensive extraction and mineral product developments” Phosphate Rock High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor Reactor Fuel Manufacturing Uranium/Thorium Phosphate Fertilizer Process Heat for Phosphate conversion and U/Th recovery (thermal process)