Thrombus (stationary clot) occludes a branch of the central retinal vein Blockage causes bleeding from that branch Concerned about neovascularization afterward (due to ischemia)

Like a branch retinal vein occlusion, but the whole central retinal vein is occluded Bleeding all over retina

Embolus (traveling clot) occludes a branch of the central retinal artery

Like BRAO, but the whole central retinal artery is occluded Ischemia of entire retina Macula is spared due to its dual blood supply (choroid)

Biggest risk factor = number of years with diabetes Caused by damage to retinal capillaries Non-proliferative DR = ischemia, hemorrhages, but no neovascularization Proliferative DR = neovascularization

Bilateral, asymmetric Narrowing of arterioles A/V nicking (vein presses on artery) Ischemia Swelling of optic nerve head Macular star (exudates)

Focal dilation of retinal artery Causes hemorrhage when aneurysm ruptures

Ischemia (cotton wool spots) Retinal hemorrhages Asymptomatic Not infectious

Looks like HIV retinopathy Caused by use of interferon (usually for hepatitis)

Bilateral IV drug use Deposits near macula May occlude capillaries and cause ischemia

Babies born <36 weeks Nasal vessels form first, young ROP patients don’t have temporal vessels formed Neovascularization can occur due to ischemia

#1 intraocular malignancy in children Tumor of developing retinal cells Leukocoria 

Benign Non-progressive

Present at birth Non-progressive (usually) May progress to melanoma Use red-free filter (green light) to distinguish from CHRPE

Dry ARMDWet ARMD

Central serous choroidopathy (CSR) Histoplasmosis Pathological myopia Epiretinal membrane (ERM) / Macular pucker Macular hole Albinism

Plasma underneath the macula Young men, high stress May significantly reduce VA Usually improve without treatment

“Histo belt” (Ohio- Mississippi River Valley) Fungus infection Atrophy of optic nerve Lesions in peripheral retina Maculopathy with possible neovascularization Clear vitreous

Rx >6D OR Axial length >26mm Problems come from the eye stretching to large size #1: Posterior staphyloma = posterior retinal thinning/bulging

Posterior vitreous detachment (vitreous detaches from retina) pulls on retina, detaches, and leaves glial cells behind Shiny membrane (cellophane)

Hole caused by vitreous pulling on retina Round red spot Significantly reduces VA if full- thickness hole

Melanin not produced properly Oculocutaneous (skin + eyes) Cutaneous (skin only) VA reduced by foveal hypoplasia (lack of development of fovea) Photophobia

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) Stargardt’s disease Choroideremia Cone Dystrophy Best’s Disease (vitelliform dystrophy) Gyrate atrophy Lattice Degeneration

#1 retinal dystrophy Loss of function of photoreceptors & RPE Nigh blindness, peripheral vision loss Triad of signs: Bone-spicule pigmentation Arteriolar attenuation Waxy pallor of optic disc

#1 hereditary macular dystrophy Autosomal recessive “Beaten bronze” macula in late stages Reduction of VA & color vision

X-linked recessive Atrophy of the RPE & choriocapillaris See through to sclera Night blindness, peripheral vision loss

Young patients Usually autosomal dominant Loss of cone photoreceptors Decreased VA, photophobia, color vision loss Geographic atrophy of RPE, vessel attenuation, optic nerve pallor

Autosomal dominant Material accumulates in RPE (“egg yolk”) No symptoms early on, later reduced VA Bilateral

Retinal detachment caused by a hole or tear Vitreous fluid gets into subretinal space and retina detaches

Exudative RDs Damage to RPE causes fluid accumulation below the retina  detachment Ex: ARMD RD caused by traction Ex: proliferative retinopathy (neovascularization) Tractional RDs

Peripheral retinal thinning Sometimes pigmented Firmly adhere to vitreous  can cause retinal detachment if vitreous starts to pull away Bilateral

Age-related Degenerative Retinoschisis Toxocariasis

Splitting of retina between the outer plexiform layer & inner nuclear layer Looks like a retinal detachment, but doesn’t move No symptoms Visual field defect

Intestinal nematode Unilateral inflammation Chorioretinal scars