13 The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.1: Nutrition Lesson 13.2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Lesson 13.3: Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System

Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System

Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System activities of digestion layers of the alimentary canal digestive organs and their functions

Activities of Digestion (1) ingestion getting food into the body (2) propulsion moving food along GI tract (3) mechanical breakdown breaks food into smaller pieces increases surface area of food

Activities of Digestion (4) chemical breakdown also known as digestion enzymes (5) absorption digested food particles moved into blood (6) defecation

Activities of Digestion

Layers of the Alimentary Canal mucosa innermost layer adjacent to lumen submucosa below mucosa

Layers of the Alimentary Canal muscularis externa circular muscle longitudinal muscle serosa outermost layer peritoneum visceral parietal

Layers of the Alimentary Canal

Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Mechanical breakdown decreases the surface area of food. 2. The mucosa is adjacent to the lumen. 3. Peritoneum is serosa. 4. In absorption, digested food moves into the blood.

Digestive Organs and Their Functions

The Oral Cavity lips tongue cheeks palate hard soft

Teeth and Gums gum teeth gingiva deciduous permanent incisor canine molar

Anatomy of the Tooth

Salivary Glands parotid submandibular sublingual saliva water enzymes

Esophagus connects pharynx to stomach peristalsis muscle contraction changes size of tube food is moved through GI tract

Stomach regions three layers of muscle cardia fundus body pyloric region three layers of muscle

Lining of the Stomach gastric gland mucus-secreting cells parietal cells chief cells enteroendocrine cells

Chemical Reactions in the Stomach protein-digesting enzymes chyme formation stomach contractions

Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: canine, fundus, parotid, esophagus. 1. region of stomach 2. connects pharynx to stomach 3. a type of tooth 4. a type of salivary gland

Small Intestine segments lining duodenum jejunum ileum villi intestinal crypts

Small Intestine chemical breakdown absorption into the blood emulsification by bile break down by enzymes absorption into the blood

The Liver functions of the liver hepatic portal vein maintains nutrients in blood converts one nutrient to another stores nutrients inactivates toxins hepatic portal vein

Liver and Gallbladder

The Gallbladder functions of the gallbladder stores bile produced by liver releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum

Pancreas pancreatic juices glucose regulation contain digestive enzymes glucose regulation beta cells–insulin alpha cells–glucagon

Large Intestine regions cecum colon ascending transverse descending sigmoid

Rectum, Anal Canal, and Anus sphincters internal external

Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: jejunum, sigmoid, beta cells, gallbladder. 1. a region of the colon 2. a region of the small intestine 3. stores bile 4. produce insulin

Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.3 Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System

Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System gingivitis and periodontal disease plaque forms tarter cardiovascular disease gastroesophageal reflux disease heartburn ulcers Helicobacter pylori

Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System gastroenteritis inflammation of stomach or intestine inflammatory bowel disease chronic inflammation ulcerative colitis Crohn’s disease constipation and diarrhea infrequent or too frequent defecation

Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System hepatitis inflammation of liver pancreatitis inflammation of pancreas gallstones bile forms crystals cholecystectomy cancer digestive system cancers are common Roblan/Shutterstock.com

Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: tartar, gallstones, hepatitis, or ulcers. 1. Helicobacter pylori causes _______________. 2. Inflammation of the liver is _______________. 3. Plaque forms _______________. 4. Crystals of bile are _______________.

The Urinary System 14 Lesson 14.1: Anatomy of the Kidney Lesson 14.2: Urine Formation, Storage, and Excretion Lesson 14.3: Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System

Chapter 14: The Urinary System Lesson 14.1 Anatomy of the Kidney

Anatomy of the Kidney kidney location and size anatomy of the kidney blood flow through the kidney

Kidney Location and Size

Anatomy of the Kidney renal cortex renal medulla renal pelvis outer middle renal pelvis inner

Anatomy of the Kidney renal medulla pyramid columns ureter bladder

Nerve and Blood Supply 20–25% of blood flows to kidneys renal artery renal vein sympathetic nerve system renal nerve fibers

The Nephron basic working unit of each kidney two main parts Functions to filter blood. What is needed is reabsorbed. What is not needed is excreted as water/urine. two main parts renal corpuscle (initial blood filtering) Glomerulus Bowman’s Capsule renal tubule Contains liquid to for kidney to filter

The Glomerulus glomerular capsule outer surface inner surface Podocytes – cells that wrap around bowman’s capsule filtration slits allow blood to transfer and filter inner surface

Bowman’s Capsule Bowman's capsule is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron A glomerulus  is enclosed in the sac. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Renal Tubule proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) nephron loop (loop of Henle) distal convoluted tubule (DCT) collecting duct

Blood Flow through the Kidneys renal artery afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole peritubular capillaries or vasa recta renal vein

Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: nephrons, renal vein, collecting duct, or podocytes. 1. The glomerular capsule contains _______________. 2. The basic working unit of the kidney are the _______________. 3. Blood leaves the kidney through the _______________. 4. The _______________ is at the end of the tubule.

Urine Formation, Storage, and Excretion Chapter 14: The Urinary System Lesson 14.2 Urine Formation, Storage, and Excretion

Functions of the Urinary System urine formation urine storage urine excretion

Urine Formation filtration reabsorption secretion water and solutes from capillary to glomerular capsular space reabsorption water and solutes move from tubule to capillary secretion wastes in capillary pushed into tubule

Urine Formation

Filtration molecules smaller than 3 nanometers pushed out of blood hydrostatic pressure caused by potential energy osmotic pressure from dissolved substances in water pressure controls constriction of arteries

Reabsorption sodium secondary active transport osmotic pressure actively pumped out by sodium-potassium pump proteins secondary active transport glucose, amino acids, ions, vitamins osmotic pressure aquaporin channels

Reabsorption

Secretion maintain arterial blood pH at 7.4 some drugs secreted hydrogen ions bicarbonate ions some drugs secreted penicillin aspirin

The Renal Medulla nephron loop descending loop ascending loop reabsorb water ascending loop reabsorb sodium

The Countercurrent Mechanism vasa recta movement of blood nephron loop movement of filtrate

Hormonal Regulation of Urine Volume and Composition aldosterone renin reacts to produce angiotensin atrial natriuretic peptide causes urine volume to increase antidiuretic hormone causes urine volume to decrease

Urine Storage ureter bladder urethra kidney to bladder stores urine bladder to outside body

Urine Storage

Urine Excretion micturition urination

Review and Assessment True or False? 1. The ureter connects kidney to bladder. 2. ADH causes a decrease in urine production. 3. Sodium is reabsorbed in the ascending loop. 4. Sodium is reabsorbed in the descending loop. 5. Urination is also called micturition.

Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System Chapter 14: The Urinary System Lesson 14.3 Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System

Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System assessing renal function diabetes chronic kidney disease renal dialysis kidney stones urinary tract infections

Assessing Renal Function physical characteristics of urine pH range 4.5–8.0 chemical composition of urine 95% water, 5% waste glomerular filtration rate estimate with creatinine concentration in blood

Diabetes diabetes mellitus diabetes insipidus Measured via glucose in urine type I, type II diabetes diabetes insipidus large amount of dilute urine (too much water) ADH not made or not used

Normal Blood Glucose and Blood Insulin Levels carbohydrate digestion leads to an increase in blood glucose level increase in blood glucose level causes the pancreas to secrete insulin increase in blood insulin level causes liver glucose uptake liver conversion of glucose to glycogen skeletal muscle glucose uptake skeletal muscle conversion of glucose to glycogen

Chronic Kidney Disease kidney damage glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min for at least 3 months develops slowly

Renal Dialysis hemodialysis peritoneal dialysis Dialyzer An artificial kidney designed to provide controllable transfer of solutes and water across a semi permeable membrane separating flowing blood and dialysate streams. peritoneal dialysis dialysis solution peritoneum acts as dialysis membrane – things filter across and out of the body.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System kidney stones calcium, magnesium, or uric acid urinary tract infection Cystitis more common in women than men

Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: diabetes mellitus, kidney stone, hemodialysis, urinary tract infection. 1. made of calcium, magnesium, or uric acid 2. cystitis 3. glucose in urine 4. uses a dialyzer