1 Automated Searching of Polynucleotide Sequences Michael P. Woodward Supervisory Patent Examiner - Art Unit John L. LeGuyader Supervisory Patent Examiner - Art Unit

2 Standard Databases GenEMBL.rge N_Genseq.rng Issued_Patents_NA.rni EST.rst Published_Applications_NA.rnpb

3 Databases at Time of Allowability Pending_Patents_NA_Main.rnpm Pending_Patents_NA_New.rnpn

4 Types of Nucleotide Sequence Searching Standard (cDNA) Oligomer Length Limited Oligomer Score over Length

5 Types of Nucleotide Sequence Searching Standard (cDNA) –useful for finding full length hits –the query sequence is typically the full length of the SEQ ID NO: –the search parameters are the default parameters- Gap Opening Penalty & Gap Extension Penalty of 10 –standard suite of NA databases are searched –normally 45 results and the top fifteen alignments are provided, however, additional results and alignments can be provided.

6 Standard (cDNA) search Fragments and genomic sequences are often difficult to find Fragments are buried in the hit list The presence of introns in the database sequence results in low scores.

7 Types of Nucleotide Sequence Searching Standard Oligomer –finds longest matching hits – mismatches not tolerated in region of hit match Length Limited Oligomer –returns database hits within length range requested –mismatches not tolerated in region of hit match

8 Standard Oligomer Searching Only provides the longest oligomer present in the sequence A thorough search of fragments requires multiple searches Can be an effective way of finding genomic sequences

9 Standard Oligomer Searching the search parameters are the default parameters-Gap Opening Penalty & Gap Extension Penalty of 60- mismatches not tolerated Consequently inefficient means of finding small sequences, and with <100% in correspondence

10 Claim 1 An isolated polynucleotide comprising SEQ. ID. No: 1.

11 Searching Claim 1 A standard search looking for full length hits is performed.

CGGCTCGTATGTTGTGTGGAATTGTGAGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGAAACAGATGG CGGCTCGTATGTTGTGTGGAATTGTGAGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGG---CAGATGG 2090 Standard (cDNA) search result

13 Claim 2 An isolated polynucleotide comprising at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ. ID. No: 1.

14 Searching Claim 2 An standard oligomer search is performed with an oligomer length of 15 nucleotides set as the lower limit for a hit.

15 Oligomer Search Results Standard Oligomer CAAATGCAGGCCCCCGGACCTCCCTGCTCCTGGCTTTCGCCCTGCTCTGCCTGCCCTGG Query CCCTGCTCCTGGCTTTCGCCCTGCTCTGCCTGCCCTGG 0060 Database CCCTGCTCCTGGCTTTCGCCCTGCTCTGCCTGCCCTGG 2500 Length Limited Oligomer CAAATGCAGGCCCCCGGACCTCCCTGCTCCTGGCTTTCGCCCTGCTCTGCCTGCCCTGG Query CCCTGCTCCTGGCTTTCGCCCTGCTCTGCCTGCCCTGG 0060 Database CCCTGCTCCTGGCTTTCGCCCTGCTCTGCCTGCCCTGG 0039

16 Claim 3 An isolated polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of SEQ ID No: 2. (SEQ ID No: 2 is an Amino Acid (AA) sequence)

17 Searching Claim 3 Seq ID No: 2 is searched against the Polypeptide databases and it is “back translated” and searched against the polynucleotide databases.

18 Claim 4 An isolated polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide with at least 90% identity to SEQ ID No: 1.

19 Searching Claim 4 A standard search looking for full length hits is performed. Hits having at least 90% identity will appear in the results.

20 Claim 5 An isolated polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide which hybridizes under stringent conditions to SEQ ID No: 1.

21 Searching Claim 5 A standard oligomer search is performed as well as a standard search.

22 Searching Small Nucleotide Sequences John L. LeGuyader

23 Types of Small Nucleotide Sequences Claimed Fragments Complements/Antisense Primers/Probes Oligonucleotides/Oligomers Antisense/RNAi/Triplex/Ribozymes (inhibitory) Accessible Target/Region within Nucleic Acids Aptamers Nucleic Acid Binding Domains Immunostimulatory CpG Sequences

24 Small Nucleotide Sequences Claimed as Sense or Antisense? What is being claimed? –Requesting the correct sequence search starts with interpreting what is being claimed Complementary Sequences –DNA to DNA: C to G –DNA to RNA: A to U Matching Sequences –A to A –U to U DNA, RNA, Chimeric cDNA, Message (mRNA), Genomic DNA

25 Impact of Sequence Identity and Length Size and Identity Matter Complements/Matches 100% correspondence Mismatches - Varying Degrees of Percent Identity Gaps - Insertion or Deletions - Gap Extensions Wild Cards % Query Match value approximates identity Adjustment of search parameters (e.g. Smith-Waterman Gap values) influences % Query Match value

26 Types of Nucleotide Sequence Searching Standard Search (cDNA) Oligomer –finds database hits with longest regions of matching residues – mismatches not tolerated in region of hit match Length Limited Oligomer –returns database hits within requested length range –mismatches not tolerated in region of hit match Score Over Length – finds mismatched sequence database hits based on requested length and identity range

27 Why doesn’t a standard search of the cDNA provide an adequate search of fragments? Long length sequence hits with many matches and mismatches score higher and appear first on the hit list, compared to short sequences having high correspondence –lots of regional local similarity in a long sequence scores higher than a 10-mer with 100% identity Consequence –small sequences, of 100% identity or less, are buried tens of thousands of hits down the hit list –most small sequence hits effectively lost –especially for hits with <100% correspondence

28 Why doesn’t a standard search of the cDNA provide an adequate search of fragments? Fragments and types of sequence searches –Standard Search (cDNA): fragment hits buried –oligomer: fragment hits buried –searching multiple fragments: millions of hits and alignments to consider Each fragment of a specified sequence and length requires a separate search

29 Standard Oligomer Searching Won’t provide thorough search of fragments since longer hits score higher on hit table Smaller size hits lost, effectively not seen Does not tolerate mismatches in region of matches Consequently inefficient means of finding small sequences, and with <100% in correspondence Better suited to finding long sequences

30 Length Limited Oligomer Searching Sequence request needs to set size limit consistent with the size range being claimed Does not tolerate mismatches in region of matches Consequently inefficient means of finding small sequences with <100% in correspondence Better suited to finding small sequences with 100% correspondence

31 Score Over Length Searching Small oligos with <100% correspondence –within requested length and identity (>60%) range Manual manipulation of first 65,000 hits –necessitates 2+ additional hrs. of searcher’s time –does not include computer search time Calculation –Hit Score divided by Hit Length –for first 65,000 hits of table Hits then sorted by Score/Length value First 65,000 hits likely to contain small length sequence hits down to 60% identity

32 Searching Small Sequences: Example Consider the following claim: An oligonucleotide consisting of 8 to 20 nucleotides which specifically hybridizes to a nucleic acid coding for mud loach growth hormone (Seq. Id. No. X). The specification teaches that oligonucleotides which specifically hybridize need not have 100% sequence correspondence.

33 Mud Loach Growth Hormone cDNA 670 nucleotides long 630 nucleotides in the coding region 210 amino acids

34 Standard Search GenBank Hit Table Against cDNA

35 Standard Search GenBank Hit Table Against cDNA

36 Standard Search GenBank Alignments Against cDNA

37 Standard Search GenBank Alignments Against cDNA

38 Oligomer Search GenBank Hit Table Against cDNA

39 Oligomer Search GenBank Hit Table Against cDNA

40 Oligomer Search GenBank Alignments Against cDNA

41 Oligomer Search GenBank Alignments Against cDNA

42 Length-Limited (8 to 20) Oligomer Search GenBank Hit Table cDNA

43 Length-Limited (8 to 20) Oligomer Search GenBank Hit Table cDNA

44 Length-Limited (8 to 20) Oligomer Search GenBank Alignments cDNA

45 Score/Length GenBank Hit Table Against cDNA: 8-20-mers down to 80%

46 Score/Length GenBank Hit Table Against cDNA: 8-20-mers down to 80%

47 Score/Length Alignments Against cDNA: 8-20-mers down to 80%

48 Score/Length Alignments Against cDNA: 8-20-mers down to 80%

49 QUESTIONS? Michael P. Woodward Supervisory Patent Examiner - Art Unit John L. LeGuyader Supervisory Patent Examiner - Art Unit