Unit 4 Proteins Transcription (DNA to mRNA) Translation (mRNA to tRNA to proteins) Gene expression/regulation (turning genes on and off) Viruses 1.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Chapter 10 How proteins are made.
Advertisements

Chapter 17~ From Gene to Protein
Molecular Genetics DNA RNA Protein Phenotype Genome Gene
Protein Synthesis $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100$100$100 $200 $300 $400 $500 Central Dogma Basics Transcription RNA Mutations FINAL ROUND Translation.
The Central Dogma and Transcription Chapter 17: Sections
Cell Division, Genetics, Molecular Biology
Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA  RNA  protein  The sequence of codons in DNA spells out the primary structure of a polypeptide.
Chapter 17 AP Biology From Gene to Protein.
10-2: RNA and 10-3: Protein Synthesis
Transcription & Translation
Protein Synthesis.
Genes and Protein Synthesis
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
RNA Ribonucleic Acid.
Protein Synthesis The genetic code – the sequence of nucleotides in DNA – is ultimately translated into the sequence of amino acids in proteins – gene.
RNA Ribonucleic acid single stranded also made of nucleotides.
Chapter 17 Notes From Gene to Protein.
Transcription Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA. Transcription of a gene starts from a region of DNA known as the promoter.
FROM DNA TO PROTEIN Transcription – Translation We will use:
How Are Genes Expressed? Chapter11. DNA codes for proteins, many of which are enzymes. Proteins (enzymes) can be used to make all the other molecules.
Protein Synthesis. DNA acts like an "instruction manual“ – it provides all the information needed to function the actual work of translating the information.
Chapter 17~ From Gene to Protein.
RNA and Protein Synthesis
RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS RNA vs DNA RNADNA 1. 5 – Carbon sugar (ribose) 5 – Carbon sugar (deoxyribose) 2. Phosphate group Phosphate group 3. Nitrogenous.
RNA and Protein Synthesis
RNA Ribonucleic Acid. Structure of RNA  Single stranded  Ribose Sugar  5 carbon sugar  Phosphate group  Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine.
FROM DNA TO PROTEIN Transcription – Translation. I. Overview Although DNA and the genes on it are responsible for inheritance, the day to day operations.
From DNA to Proteins. RNAPROTEINS transcriptiontranslation in-text, p. 201 DNA Proteins are coded for by Genes- long stretches of DNA that code for.
1 Gene expression Transcription and Translation. 2 1.Important Features: Eukaryotic cells a. DNA contains genetic template for proteins. b. DNA is found.
From Gene to Protein Transcription – the synthesis of RNA from the DNA template –messenger RNA (mRNA) – carries a genetic message from the DNA in the.
The initial RNA transcript is spliced into mature mRNA
From DNA to Proteins Chapter 13. Byssus: Marvelous Mussel Adhesive Mussels live in the surf zone and are subjected to continual pounding by waves Mussel.
Transcription & Translation Chapter 17 (in brief) Biology – Campbell Reece.
12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS The Blueprint of Life: From DNA to Protein.
Sections 3-4. Structure of RNA Made of nuleotides Three differences between DNA & RNA Sugar DNA = deoxyribose sugar RNA = ribose sugar RNA is single stranded.
Protein Synthesis. Transcription DNA  mRNA Occurs in the nucleus Translation mRNA  tRNA  AA Occurs at the ribosome.
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein. Gene Expression DNA leads to specific traits by synthesizing proteins Gene expression – the process by which DNA directs.
From DNA to Proteins. Same two steps produce all proteins: 1) DNA is transcribed to form RNA –Occurs in the nucleus –RNA moves into cytoplasm 2) RNA is.
Genes and How They Work Chapter The Nature of Genes information flows in one direction: DNA (gene)RNAprotein TranscriptionTranslation.
Protein Synthesis Chapter 17. Protein synthesis  DNA  Responsible for hereditary information  DNA divided into genes  Gene:  Sequence of nucleotides.
Chapter 12: Protein Synthesis What is DNA? What is DNA?
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS HOW GENES ARE EXPRESSED. BEADLE AND TATUM-1930’S One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis.
CHAPTER 13 RNA and Protein Synthesis. Differences between DNA and RNA  Sugar = Deoxyribose  Double stranded  Bases  Cytosine  Guanine  Adenine 
Ch Gene  Protein A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that code for a polypeptide (protein) Hundreds-thousands of genes are on a typical chromosome.
The Building of Proteins from a Nucleic Acid Template
Functions of RNA mRNA (messenger)- instructions protein
Genes and Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION. TRANSLATING THE GENETIC CODE ■GENES: CODED DNA INSTRUCTIONS THAT CONTROL THE PRODUCTION OF PROTEINS WITHIN.
Regents Biology From gene to protein: transcription translation protein.
RNA, Transcription, and the Genetic Code. RNA = ribonucleic acid -Nucleic acid similar to DNA but with several differences DNARNA Number of strands21.
Protein Synthesis. RNA vs. DNA Both nucleic acids – Chains of nucleotides Different: – Sugar – Types of bases – Numbers of bases – Number of chains –
RNA processing and Translation. Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription (RNA processing) During RNA processing, both ends of the primary transcript.
TRANSLATION. Cytoplasm Nucleus DNA Transcription RNA Translation Protein.
RNA and Protein Synthesis. RNA Structure n Like DNA- Nucleic acid- composed of a long chain of nucleotides (5-carbon sugar + phosphate group + 4 different.
Chapter 13 GENE FUNCTION. A. Comparison of DNA & RNA.
Chapter 17.  1902 – Archibald Garrod  Suggested genes dictate phenotype through enzymes of reactions ▪ Alkaptonuria – black urine ▪ Contains alkapton.
N Chapter 17~ From Gene to Protein. Protein Synthesis: overview n One gene-one enzyme hypothesis (Beadle and Tatum) –The function of a gene is to dictate.
12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Page 300. A. Introduction 1. Chromosomes are a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of.
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein.
DNA Transcription and Translation Review. There are 3 types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: DNA is used as the blueprint to direct the production of certain proteins.
Section 20.2 Gene Expression
FROM DNA TO PROTEIN Transcription – Translation
Transcription and Translation
Ch 10: Protein Synthesis DNA to RNA to Proteins
Chapter 13: Protein Synthesis
From DNA to Proteins Chapter 14.
Chapter 14: Protein Synthesis
Presentation transcript:

Unit 4 Proteins Transcription (DNA to mRNA) Translation (mRNA to tRNA to proteins) Gene expression/regulation (turning genes on and off) Viruses 1

Today’s Exit Ticket The final product of transcription is mRNA. The template used for transcription is DNA. The first step of the process is called initiation and involves transcription factors binding to the promoter region. This allows RNA polymerase to bind to the DNA and begin transcribing, in a process called elongation. During that process, the enzyme reads from the 3’ to 5’ direction and builds the new strand from 5’ to 3’. The last step of transcription is called termination. In eukaryotes, there is another step before translation. This is called RNA processing and involves removing introns and adding a 5’ cap and 3’ poly-A tail. 2

Unit 4 Proteins Transcription (DNA to mRNA) Translation (mRNA to tRNA to proteins) Gene expression/regulation (turning genes on and off) Viruses 3

Today’s Agenda Transcription practice Translation in detail Mutations 4

The template strand of a given gene includes the sequence 3′-G C C A C G T A T C A G-5′. – What is the sequence of the non-template strand? 5’– C G G T G C A T A G T C – 3’ – What is the mRNA sequence made? 5’– C G G U G C A U A G U C – 3’ For each one, be sure to indicate 5 ′ and 3 ′ ends. 5

The template strand of a given gene includes the sequence 3′-G C C A C G T A T C A G-5′. What is the amino acid sequence produced from this DNA? Arg-Cys-Ile-Val Non-template strand: 5’– C G G T G C A T A G T C – 3’ mRNA sequence: 5’– C G G U G C A U A G U C – 3’ 6

Today’s Agenda Transcription practice Translation in detail Mutations 7

Transcription vs. Translation DNA RNAProteins Transcription: Like copying info from a book in the reserved section of the library Using the same language Translation: Literally translating between two different languages Take the copied info from the library and translate it into French/Spanish/Mandarin สวัสดีครับ Hello Hullo 8

Translation The major players in translation U U U U G G G GC 9

Translation Translation: The structure of tRNA The ribosome i.initiate ii.elongate iii.terminate 10

11

Translation a) tRNA For accurate translation, the tRNA HAS to have the right amino acid! 1 20 different synthetases  20 different amino acids 12

Translation a) tRNA

Translation a) tRNA 4 14

Translation Translation: The structure of tRNA The ribosome i.initiate ii.elongate iii.terminate 15

Translation a)The ribosome  What is a ribosome? Made of proteins and rRNA (ribosomal RNA)  Where are ribosomes? A.In the nucleus B.Loose in the cytoplasm C.On the Golgi body D.On the ER E.More than one of the above is correct 16

All those RNA molecules… RNA = ribonucleic acid pre-mRNA = the RNA transcript produced initially during transcription in eukaryotes mRNA = messenger RNA = the (processed) RNA transcript molecule that will actually be translated tRNA = transfer RNA = the RNA molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome rRNA = ribosomal RNA = RNA that forms the structure of the ribosome 17

Translation b) the ribosome a)The ribosome  What does it do? Serves as the site of matching mRNA codons with tRNA anticodons Catalyzes formation of peptide bonds to form proteins 18

Translation b) the ribosome Next amino acid to be added to polypeptide chain Growing polypeptide 19

Translation Translation: The structure of tRNA The ribosome i.initiate ii.elongate iii.terminate 20

5. Translation (i) Initiation of translation Small ribosomal subunit binds mRNA. Scans for start codon (sets reading frame). Initiator tRNA binds to start codon. U A G 21

Translation b) the ribosome: initiation  Final step of initiation: large ribosomal subunit binds. U A G 22

Translation Translation: The structure of tRNA The ribosome i.initiate ii.elongate iii.terminate 23

E, P, and A sites A site: where new aminoacyl tRNAs enter P site: – Location of peptidyl tRNA – Where peptide bonds are made E site: Exit site 24

Elongation 25

Also, don’t forgetHank’s crash course on gene expression!gene expression Termination One more good video: 26

USE THE GENETIC CODE TABLE TO TRANSLATE 5 DIFFERENT CODONS into AMINO ACIDS: RNA: 5’ CGC 3’ = ___________ 5’ UAU 3’ = ___________ NOTE: technically “Codon” refers to the 3 letters in the mRNA that are translated. 27

USE THE GENETIC CODE TABLE TO TRANSLATE 5 DIFFERENT CODONS into AMINO ACIDS: RNA: 5’ CGC 3’ = ___ Arg ___ 5’ UAU 3’ = ___ Tyr ___ NOTE: technically “Codon” refers to the 3 letters in the mRNA that are translated. 28

USE THE GENETIC CODE TABLE TO TRANSLATE 5 DIFFERENT CODONS into AMINO ACIDS: DNA (template strand): 3’ TTG 5’ = ___________ 3’ ACT 5’ = ___________ NOTE: technically “Codon” refers to the 3 letters in the mRNA that are translated. 29

USE THE GENETIC CODE TABLE TO TRANSLATE 5 DIFFERENT CODONS into AMINO ACIDS: DNA (template strand): 3’ TTG 5’ RNA 5’ AAC 3’ = Asn DNA 3’ ACT 5’ RNA5’ UGA 3’ = Stop NOTE: technically “Codon” refers to the 3 letters in the mRNA that are translated. 30

USE THE GENETIC CODE TABLE TO TRANSLATE 5 DIFFERENT CODONS into AMINO ACIDS: Brain twister: DNA NON-template strand: 5’ ATG 3’ = __________ NOTE: technically “Codon” refers to the 3 letters in the mRNA that are translated. 31

USE THE GENETIC CODE TABLE TO TRANSLATE 5 DIFFERENT CODONS into AMINO ACIDS: Brain twister: DNA NON-template strand: 5’ ATG 3’ = _______ DNA template strand = 3’ TAC 5’ = RNA 5’ AUG 3’ = Met (start) NOTE: technically “Codon” refers to the 3 letters in the mRNA that are translated. 32

Mutations in protein coding DNA sequences (exons) can alter protein structure and function in several ways. How DNA mutations can alter proteins Fanpop.com 33

5) Mutations in protein coding DNA sequences (exons) can alter protein structure and function in several ways. a) Substitution - Switching one nucleotide for another b) Insertion/deletion- Adding or removing a nucleotide  can create a frameshift 5) How DNA mutations can alter proteins 34

a) Substitution - Switching one nucleotide for another can cause different amino acid to be attached. 5) How DNA mutations can alter proteins A U G A A G U U U G G C U A A A U G A A G U U U A G C U A A 35

a) Substitution- Switching one nucleotide for another can cause NO CHANGE in the protein. How? 5) How DNA mutations can alter proteins A U G A A G U U U G G C U A A 36

a) Substitution- Switching one nucleotide for another can cause NO CHANGE in the protein. How? 5) How DNA mutations can alter proteins A U G A A G U U U G G C U A A 37

b) Insertions or Deletions - Inserting an extra nucleotide, or deleting a nucleotide causes a frameshift. 5) How DNA mutations can alter proteins A U G A A G U U U G G C U A A A U G U A A G U U U G G C U A A 38

b) Insertions or Deletions - Inserting an extra nucleotide, or deleting a nucleotide causes a frameshift. 5) How DNA mutations can alter proteins A U G A A G U U G G C U A A A U G A A G U U U G G C U A A U 39

b) Insertions or Deletions - Inserting an extra nucleotide, or deleting a nucleotide causes a frameshift. 5) How DNA mutations can alter proteins 40

c) Gene duplications: a duplicate copy of an exon or whole gene is created in the genome  this is largely how NEW proteins arise in evolution: once a gene has been duplicated, one copy can evolve, while the other one maintains the original function. 5) How DNA mutations can alter proteins Gene DNAExon 1Exon 2 Exon 3 Intron mRNA Exon 1Exon 2 Exon 3 41

Today’s Exit Ticket Template DNA__’CGAG Non-Template__’TTAA mRNA5’AUGA3’ 1)Fill in the blanks in the DNA/RNA chart below. 1)What is the amino acid sequence corresponding to the DNA and RNA sequences below? 42