4/5 KEY CONCEPT Organic molecules are the foundation of life.

4/5 Objectives Identify what makes an organic molecule “organic” Identify/Recognize carbon skeletons & functional groups in organic molecules Relate monomers to polymers Describe the processes of building and breaking polymers (2 reactions involved) Describe the basic structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Introduction to Organic Biomolecules Introduction to Organic Biomolecules!!!! Directions: While you watch this video, please answer the questions on the worksheet. Biological Molecules - You Are What You Eat: Crash Course Biology #3 - YouTube

Organic Molecules Organic Molecules Carbon-based molecules Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms as it tries to fill its outermost energy level. Hydrocarbons Organic molecules made of only carbons and hydrogens (example CH4) Inorganic Molecules Non-carbon based molecules Examples: H20, NH3, O2

Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. 4/5 Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. straight chain branched chain ring

Functional Groups on Organic molecules Functional Group – group of atoms within a molecule that interact in predicable ways with other molecules.

4/5 Polymers vs Monomers Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits/peices bonded together. Monomers are the individual subunits/pieces Polymers are made of many monomers.

Monomers bond together to build Polymers 4/5 Monomers bond together to build Polymers Each time a monomer is added to a chain a water molecule is released (dehydration reaction) Each time a monomer is broken from a chain a water molecule is added (hydrolysis reaction) Dehydration Rxn Hydrolysis Rxn

Dehydration Reaction (Lose Water) when adding monomers to the polymer

Hydrolysis Reaction (add water) when breaking polymers

Four main types of organic molecules are found in living things 4/5 Four main types of organic molecules are found in living things Carbohydrates (5.2) Lipids (5.3) Proteins (5.4 & 5.5) Nucleic Acids

4/5 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (Ratio= 1C:2H:1O) Are made up of monomers of simple sugar molecules The building blocks (simple sugar monomers) of carbohydrates are ring-shaped.

Three Types of Carbohydrates 4/5 Three Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharides

4/5 Carbohydrates include Sugars starches. Monosaccharides are simple sugars. (ex: glucose) Disaccharides are made up of two monosaccharides (ex: sucrose) Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen. (ex: found in pasta & potatoes)

Functions of Carbohydrates: 4/5 Functions of Carbohydrates: 1. Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells ( this requires water: Hydrolysis Rxn) 2. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure (provide support) Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer

Warm-Up What are the monomers of Carbohydrates? List the 3 different types of carbohydrates and give an example of each. Which carbohydrate is found in plant cells?

4/5 Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. Lipids are Hydrophobic molecules “water fearing” Example (oil and water don’t mix) Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. Fats and oils contain: fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

Lipids Structure Close-Up: - Glycerol - fatty acid chains

4/5 Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. saturated fatty acids (bad for you) unsaturated fatty acids

4/5 Lipids have several different functions. broken down as a source of energy make up cell membranes (phospholipids) used to make hormones

Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. 4/5 Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. Polar phosphate “head” Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” Phospholipid Hydrophillic Hydrophobic

A closer look at phospholipid orientation in cell membranes:

Steroids Steroids are lipid molecules that form 4-Ring structures Function: Act as chemical signals in our bodies Example: Testosterone & Estrogen sex hormones Example: Cholesterol (in cell membranes)

Lipids are hydrophobic and nonpolar. What do those words mean? Warm - Up Lipids are hydrophobic and nonpolar. What do those words mean? What is the name of the lipids that make up cell membranes? What is the general structure of steroids? Hydrophobic = fear of water Nonpolar = no charged areas phospholipids 4 connected Closed-Rings

4/5 Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. Parts of an amino acid:

4/5 Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

Building a Protein Polymer How would you put these amino acid monomers together to form a protein polymer?

4/5 Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

Polypeptides Polypeptides are the result of joining many amino acid monomers

Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. 4/5 Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. hydrogen bond Hemoglobin Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function. Denaturation – proteins loose their shape in unfavorable conditions (temperature or pH)

Warm-Up: Organic Molecules Review List the 4 types of organic molecules Monomers of carbohydrates? Two main functions of carbohydrates? Examples of Carbohydrates? Lipid that makes up cell membranes? Two types of Fatty Acids in lipids?

Warm-Up What are the building blocks of Proteins? What are the 4 main parts of an amino acid? What part of an amino acid give it it’s identity? What reaction puts amino acids together? What happens during that reaction? What special type of bond links amino acids?

Enzymes Many chemical reactions occur inside cells Reactants  products Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to start a reaction. Activation Energy -The energy needed to start up a reaction Catalyst – any compound that speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy

Enzymes are never ‘used up’ Enzymes are reaction specific Substrate – reactant Active site – groove area where substrates attach to enzyme Enzymes always pick up another substrate when the active site is unoccupied!! Enzyme Animation - YouTube

Enzymes Speed Up Chemical Reactions They are able to do this by LOWERING the activation energy of a reaction.

Activation Energy is lowered! A reaction utilizing an enzyme = catalytic reaction Activation Energy is lowered!

4/5 Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.

Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. 4/5 Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of a: sugar phosphate group nitrogen base A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base deoxyribose (sugar)

Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. 4/5 Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. DNA DNA stores genetic information. RNA RNA builds proteins.