Biological Macromolecules Nature’s Building Blocks

Create a way to put these in order. Describe how you put them in order! Create a way to put these in order. Describe how you put them in order! -Particles of matter - Atoms - Elements - Ecosystems - Biospheres - Molecules - Macromolecules - Cell organelles - Cells - Galaxies - The Universe - Tissues - Organs - Organisms - Populations - Planets - Planetary Systems with Stars

Prior Knowledge Discussion - Particles of matter - Atoms - Elements - Molecules - Macromolecules - Cell organelles - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Systems - Organisms - Populations - Ecosystems - Biospheres - Planets - Planetary Systems with Stars - Galaxies - The Universe Smallest to largest! All of that is possible because of atoms!

Prior Knowledge Discussion Describe the characteristics required to be considered a living organism. 1.Composed of cells 2.Reproduce 3.Contain DNA 4.Grow and Develop 5.Use and obtain energy 6.Respond to their environment 7.Maintain a stable internal environment /eliminate Waste 8.Evolve: change over time

If everything is made of molecules, what are molecules made of? Atoms! Prior Knowledge Discussion

Which Elements are the Building Blocks of Life? Almost all life forms on Earth are primarily made up of only four basic elements: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen (Phosphorous and Sulfur are also important in Biology )

Atoms are Elements!

Where are they Located on the Periodic Table?

What are we Learning? Benchmark:  SC.912L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules. AA

Definitions Molecule : 2 or more atoms chemically bonded together o Example O 2 Compound: molecules that have more than 2 different elements chemically bonded together o Example: H 2 O

Macromolecules are polymers constructed of many organic molecules called monomers. Monomer - small molecular subunit which joins (form covalent bonds) with similar units to form a polymer. Polymer - consists of up to millions of repeated, covalently linked monomers. It is a relatively small, simple molecule.

Life’s Macromolecules All key components of every living cell are made of macromolecules. “Giant Molecules” The four kinds of macromolecules: 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins 4.Nucleic acids

What you need to know For each macromolecule, you need to know: 1.The elements it contains (building blocks) 2.The monomer structure (draw it) 3.Important functions 4.Examples Complete a Frayer-model for the 4 classes of macromolecules

Frayer Model 1. fold paper as demonstrated 2.Label each tab 1 macromolecule 3.Draw the structure of the macromolecule on the front of each tab under the name 4.On the inside: o Building blocks o Monomer name o Function o Examples o *special notes

Building Blocks:  Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in a 1:2:1 ratio Function:  Main source of energy for living things  Structural purposes Examples:  Monosaccharaides like glucose, galactose, and fructose  Polysaccharides like glycogen and starch  cellulose in cell walls Components:  Polysccharides or monosccharides (large or small units) Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates (sugars) Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in a 1:2:1 ratio o Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 Made up of monomers called monosaccharide (simple sugars)

Carbohydrates Basic structure: C n H 2n O n Simple Carbs (monosaccharide) : o Glucose o Fructose o Galactose o Ribose/deoxyribose Complex carbs (polysaccharide): o starch (bread, potatoes) o glycogen (beef muscle) o cellulose (lettuce, corn)

19 Carbohydrates Small sugar moleculeslarge sugar molecules Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Examples: Examples: A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide copyright cmassengale

20 Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples:glucose ( Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )deoxyriboseriboseFructoseGalactose glucose copyright cmassengale

21 Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: o Sucrose (glucose+fructose) o Lactose (glucose+galactose) o Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucoseglucose copyright cmassengale

22 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose copyright cmassengale

Building Blocks:  Mostly made from carbon and hydrogen atoms, some oxygen Function:  The most important lipids are fats, which are energy storage molecules Examples:  Fats, steroids, oils Components:  A fat molecule consists of fatty acids joined to a molecule of glycerol = TRIGLYCERIDE (lipid monomer) Lipids Joined together by NON-POLAR COVALENT bonds

Glycerol Fatty Acid tail TRIGLYCERIDE Monomers of Lipids are Triglycerides

Proteins

Protein Structure 1.Amino group 2.R-group 1.Carboxyl group Monomer: AMINO ACID: There are 20 different amino acids

Nucleic Acids Building Blocks:  Containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Function:  Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information. Examples:  There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.

Nucleic Acids Components:  Assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.  Nucleotides consist of three parts:  Five carbon sugar  Phosphate group  Nitrogenous base  Nucleotides (monomers) bond together to form DNA or RNA (polymer)

Making Polymers from Monomers CARBON can make 4 bonds with adjoining atoms When bonding two monomers together to make a polymer, DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS occurs o Removal of 2 Hydrogen's (H) and 1 Oxygen (O) = - H2O

Breaking Polymers The opposite reaction occurs when we break the bond between monomers This is called a HYDROLYSIS reaction, because the addition of H2O will split the molecule’s covalent bond

Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) and Hydrolysis are reverse reactions

Building Macromolecules Grab a lab packet Grab 2 partners (groups of 3) And listen for instructions