Chapter 5: Atomic Theory: The Nuclear Model of the Atom

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 5: Atomic Theory: The Nuclear Model of the Atom Chemistry 120 Chapter 5: Atomic Theory: The Nuclear Model of the Atom

Figure: 04-04 Title: Dalton's Symbols for Elements Caption: Dalton symbolized each element using a circle with an inscribed marking. Notes: Dalton saw elements as solid spheres of matter called "atoms," so he used different circles to represent each element.

Fig. 5-CO, p. 123

Atomic Theory Elements (matter) is composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms. Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and behavior. Atoms of different elements differ in mass and behavior. Chemical combination of elements to make different substances occurs when atoms join together in small whole number ratios. Chemical reactions only rearrange the way the atoms are combined; the atoms themselves are not changed

Figure: 05-01 Title: Thomson Model of the Atom Caption: Atoms are pictured as spheres of positive charge. The small negative particles represent electrons. Notes: Thomson's subatomic model was flawed, but he did determine the relative charge to mass ratio of electrons and protons.

Law of Multiple Proportions (John Dalton) When the same two elements combine to form more than one compound: the ratios of the mass of one element in the first compound to its mass in the second compound, (as it combines with the same mass of the other element), can always be expressed as ratios of small whole numbers

Carbon combines with oxygen to form CO and CO2 . Mass of Carbon(g) Mass of Oxygen(g) Ratio of O in CO2 to O in CO CO 12.01 16.00 CO2 32.00 2:1

Example of the Law of Multiple Proportions That of nitrogen and oxygen forming three different compounds that contain different relative amounts of nitrogen and oxygen. Mass of Nitrogen that combines with 1 g of Oxygen Compound A 1.750 g Compound B 0.8750 g Compound C 0.4375 g

Example of the Law of Multiple Proportions continued The ratios of the masses of nitrogen combining with 1 gram of oxygen in each pair of compound should be small whole integer number A/B = 1.750/0.8750 = 2 for nitrogen 0.8750/0.8750= 1 for nitrogen, a ratio 2:1 B/C= 0.8750/0.4375 = 2 for nitrogen 0.4375/ 0.4375= 1 for nitrogen, a ratio 2:1 A/C = 1.750/0.4375 = 4 for nitrogen 0.4375/0.4375= 1 for nitrogen, a ratio 4:1

Sub Atomic Particles

Figure: 05-02 Title: Alpha-Scattering Experiment Caption: The diagram shows the deflection of alpha particles by a thin gold foil. Some particles rebounded backward. Notes: The results of this experiment showed that the volume of an atom is mostly empty space.

Figure: 05-03 Title: Explanation of Alpha-Scattering Caption: (a) Powerful alpha particles should pass through a homogeneous "plum-pudding" gold atom. (b) Since positively-charged alpha particles are deflected, Rutherford reasoned correctly that a gold atom has a dense, positively-charged nucleus. Notes: Rutheford's observations were consistent with the atomic model in (b), an atom with a core of positive charge.

Figure: 05-04 Title: Rutherford Model of the Atom Caption: Most of the mass of the atom is found in the nucleus. Note that the atoms and nuclei are not to scale, as the size of an atom is about 100,000 times larger than the size of the nucleus. Notes: The vast majority of the atom is empty space.

Figure: 05-20-02UN Title: Atomic Models Caption: In the evolving model of the atom, what does the question mark (?) represent in the 2000 model? Notes: Atomic theory is one scientific theory that has been adjusted over the years as new evidence has come to light. It is still changing today.

Figure: 05-05 Title: Carbon from the Periodic Table Caption: The atomic number designates the number of protons. The atomic mass is the average isotope mass. Notes: The atomic mass for each element can be calculated from the masses of the individual isotopes and their percent abundance.

Example – Chemical Symbols How many protons does a sulfur atom have?

Example – Chemical Symbols How many electrons does a sulfur atom have?

Example – Chemical Symbols How many electrons does a sulfide ion, S2-, have?

Example – Chemical Symbols How many protons does an aluminum ion, Al3+, have?

Example – Chemical Symbols How many electrons does an aluminum ion, Al3+, have?

Example – Chemical Symbols An atom has 5 protons, 5 electrons, and 6 neutrons. What is the atomic number?

Example – Chemical Symbols An atom has 5 protons, 5 electrons, and 6 neutrons. What is the name of the element?

Example – Chemical Symbols An atom has 5 protons, 5 electrons, and 6 neutrons. What is the mass number?

Example – Chemical Symbols An atom has 5 protons, 5 electrons, and 6 neutrons. What is the charge?

Example – Chemical Symbols An atom has 20 protons, 18 electrons, and 20 neutrons. What is the atomic number?

Example – Chemical Symbols An atom has 20 protons, 18 electrons, and 20 neutrons. What is the name of the element?

Example – Chemical Symbols An atom has 20 protons, 18 electrons, and 20 neutrons. What is the mass number?

Example – Chemical Symbols An atom has 20 protons, 18 electrons, and 20 neutrons. What is the charge?

Example – Chemical Symbols What is the atomic notation for an atom that has 17 protons, 20 neutrons, and 17 electrons?

Example – Chemical Symbols What is the atomic notation for an atom that has 15 protons, 16 neutrons, and 18 electrons?

Isotopes Atoms which differ only in the number of neutrons present in the nucleus.

Example – Atomic Mass Calculate the atomic mass of magnesium given Mass (amu) %abundance Mg-24 23.985 78.70 Mg-25 24.986 10.13 Mg-26 25.983 11.17

Example – Atomic Mass Calculate the atomic mass of chlorine given Mass (amu) %abundance Chlorine-35 34.969 75.78 Chlorine-37 36.966 24.22

Example – Atomic Mass Lithium has two isotopes: lithium-6 at 7.420% and lithium-7 at 92.58%. If the atomic mass of lithium is 6.941 amu and the mass of lithium-6 is 6.0151 amu, what the mass of lithium-7?

Example – Atomic Mass Bromine has two isotopes. Bromine-79 the most abundant isotope at 50.69% has a mass of 78.9183 amu. What is the mass of bromine-81?