Chapter 12 Congress

Congressional Job Approval Trend

Public Attitudes on Congress

Safe Seats

US Senator Voting Relationships

Ted Cruz

Warm Up Constituency Bicameral Sociological vs. Agency House vs. Senate Pork-barrel projects Ear marks Case work

House and Senate: Differences in Representation Bicameral system: two chambers –Result of the Connecticut Compromise –Each state has two senators. –Each state’s number of House representatives is determined by state population. Predicated on different representation models –Senate: states, with longer terms –House: districts, with shorter terms

House and Senate: Differences in Representation Senate: 100 senators –Since 1913, directly elected by voters statewide –Six-year terms –Two per state (fixed) House of Representatives: 435 members –Elected by districts –Two-year terms –Population determines number per state (varies).

House and Senate: Differences in Representation

Congressional districts can be relatively homogeneous by many standards. –Ideal for organized interests claiming to represent constituents –Members tend to specialize in one committee. States are far more heterogeneous. –Senators have to be generalists. –More open to a wider array of interests

House and Senate: Differences in Representation How representatives “represent”: –Sociological representation: shares demographic traits, experiences, and interests with constituents –Agency representation: representative has electoral incentive to act on constituent interests.

Women, African Americans, and Latinos in Congress (1971–2008) Sociological Representation

WHO ARE AMERICANS? Who are the Members of Congress? CHAPTER 12

WHO ARE AMERICANS? SOURCE: Jennifer E. Manning, “Membership of the 112th Congress: A Profile,” CRS Report R41647, March 1, 2011, (accessed 8/15/12). Gender U.S. Population Key House of Representatives Senate 49% Male 83% U.S. Pop. 51% Female House 17% Senate 17%

WHO ARE AMERICANS? SOURCE: Jennifer E. Manning, “Membership of the 112th Congress: A Profile,” CRS Report R41647, March 1, 2011, (accessed 8/15/12). Race U.S. Population Key House of Representatives Senate U.S. Pop. 64% White House 82% Senate 96% 13%10%0% Black 16%7%2% Hispanic 5% 3% 2% Asian/Pacific 1%.002%0% Native American

WHO ARE AMERICANS? SOURCE: Jennifer E. Manning, “Membership of the 112th Congress: A Profile,” CRS Report R41647, March 1, 2011, (accessed 8/15/12). Religion U.S. Population Key House of Representatives Senate U.S. Pop. 51% Protestant House 57% Senate 56% 24% Catholic 30%24% 2% Mormon 2%5% 21% All Others 4% 2% Jewish 6%12%

WHO ARE AMERICANS? SOURCE: Jennifer E. Manning, “Membership of the 112th Congress: A Profile,” CRS Report R41647, March 1, 2011, (accessed 8/15/12). Education U.S. Population Key House of Representatives Senate U.S. Pop. 15% < High school House 0 Senate 0 18% Bachelor’s degree 26%24% 2% Professional/ law degree 38%55% 8% Other advanced degree 28%20% 58% High school grad. 8%1%

WHO ARE AMERICANS? SOURCE: Jennifer E. Manning, “Membership of the 112th Congress: A Profile,” CRS Report R41647, March 1, 2011, (accessed 8/15/12). Average Age Senate 62 House 57 U.S. Pop. 37

The Electoral Connection Who gets elected? –Who decides to run –Incumbency advantage –Districting and gerrymandering issues

The Electoral Connection Who runs? –Candidates must “self select” to run. –Some encouraged by parties more than others. –Strong candidate qualities: Good name recognition Success in prior elected offices Ability to raise funds Willingness to campaign Ability to reach out to voters

The Electoral Connection Incumbency advantage –Members of Congress have an array of tools to keep them in office. Constituency services Ranking privilege Name recognition and title Pork-barrel spending for district –Otherwise strong potential challengers do not run

The Power of Incumbency

The Electoral Connection Districting and Redistricting –Congressional districts are typically drawn in a manner that clearly benefits one party or the other. –The vast majority of incumbents represent “safe districts,” where most voters support one party. –Primaries are the critical election in safe-seat districts because there is little party competition.

Results of Congressional Reapportionment

The Electoral Connection Apportionment

The Electoral Connection Direct patronage –Pork-barrel spending Earmarks –Patronage Some local and state elected officials have jobs to offer to constituents. –Constituent services –Private bills

Crash Course Video

How Members of Congress Represent Their Districts

The Organization of Congress Building blocks of Congress –Parties –Committees –Staff –Caucuses –Parliamentary rules

The Organization of Congress Speaker of the House is the leader of the majority party. Both parties also elect a majority and minority leader and whip. The parties determine which of their members sit on various committees.

The Organization of Congress The vice president officially chairs the Senate, but only presides at ceremonial events and in the event of a tie vote. The president pro tempore usually chairs the Senate, but often hands off to another member for routine business.

Majority Party Structure in the House of Representatives

Majority Party Structure in the Senate

The Organization of Congress Committee system –Standing committees –Select committees –Joint committees –Conference committees

The Organization of Congress

Select committees –Formed temporarily to focus on a specific issue Cannot present bills to the chamber Bring attention to a specific subject

The Organization of Congress Joint committees –Formed from members of both chambers –Gather information –Cover issues internal to Congress

The Organization of Congress Conference committees –For a bill to become a law, the same wording of the bill must be passed by both chambers. –Conference committees are formed to write the final wording when both chambers pass similar bills that need to be reconciled.

The Organization of Congress The number of seats the minority party has on a committee is roughly proportionate to the seats it has in the House, but at an unfavorable rate. Seniority determines committee assignments. –Chairs can be removed by the party caucus. –Chairs are term-limited.

The Organization of Congress Congressional staffers –Specific topic or issue expertise –Constituent services Over 11,500 staff in D.C. and district offices Another 2,000 staff for committees

The Organization of Congress Congressional Research Service –Research arm of Congress Congressional Budget Office (CBO) –Assess program costs and income from tax plans General Accounting Office –Audits federal agencies and programs

The Organization of Congress Congressional caucuses –Groups of senators or representatives who share common goals or interests; may be bipartisan. –Organized around issue, ideological, party, and/or demographic traits –Some have large budgets and staffs, and are capable of pressuring Congress and the executive branch.

How a Bill Becomes a Law

A bill is a proposed law that has been sponsored by a member of Congress and submitted to the clerk of the House or Senate. The bill is given a number and assigned to a committee, which typically refers it to a subcommittee. Bills taken seriously are given a hearing. –Most bills (95 percent) do not get through committee.

How a Bill Becomes a Law The subcommittee and/or full committee writes the language of the bill. The full committee sends the bill to the floor. –Bill must pass through the Rules committee in the House first. –Rules committee gives bill an open or closed rule –Senate requires a consent agreement

How a Bill Becomes a Law The House rule determines how much time is allocated for floor debate. The debate time is divided equally between those for and against the bill. The Senate allows for unlimited discussion, requiring 60 votes to end a filibuster via cloture.

How a Bill Becomes a Law Once a bill clears in one chamber, it is sent to the other where the process starts over. If both chambers pass the same wording, the bill is sent to the president. –If not, both chambers create a conference committee.

How a Bill Becomes a Law The president is given 10 days to veto a law. –Vetoes can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in each chamber. –Pocket veto: if there are less than ten days left in the congressional calendar and the president does not sign the bill into law, it dies and must begin again from scratch in the next session.

How Congress Decides

Warm Up Review Pocket Veto Congressional Research Service Incumbency Advantage Sociological Representation Earmarks Casework

How Congress Decides Many factors influence members of Congress. Constituents –Legislators take constituents seriously if they believe it will affect their support at the next election. –This includes voters as well as industries with a large presence in the district. –Electoral incentives make constituents a priority.

How Congress Decides Interest groups –Can supply legislators with very detailed information and data about pending bills –Can make sizeable donations –Do they represent the interests of constituents?

Scorecards NRA Scorecard 2012 NRA Endorsement Florida Texas Right to Life 2013 National Right to Life

“Bosses of the Senate”

Political Machines: A Review (2:45…)

Party Discipline

How Congress Decides Party Discipline: Congress increasingly partisan since 1990s

How Congress Decides Tools party leaders have at their disposal: –Leadership PACs –Committee assignments –Access to the floor –The whip system –Logrolling –Presidency

Logrolling: “Corn for Porn” National Endowment for the Arts vs. Jesse Helms (R – NC) Helms attempted to prohibit agency from awarding grants to any work that would in a “patently offensive way” depict “sexual or excretory activities or organs” Republican western senators (16 total) engaged in logrolling—switch votes, in exchange for elimination for hike on corn grazing fees

Beyond Legislation Oversight –Congress is expected to oversee the activities of the executive branch in order to ensure funding is spent and laws are enforced properly. –Hearings Advice and consent –The Senate must confirm top-level executive appointments, ambassadors, and federal judges. –Approves all treaties –Executive agreement problem?

Impeachment

Beyond Legislation Impeachment –If high officials are thought to have committed “Treason, Bribery or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors,” they can be impeached. –Process: The House acts like a grand jury, voting whether accused out to be impeached (need majority) Senate acts like a trial jury, voting whether to convict and remove person from office (need 2/3 majority) –Political in nature?

The Legislator’s Dilemma Delegate or trustee? –What should a legislator do when she disagrees with her constituents about an important issue? –She may know more about the issue than her constituents, and if they knew as much, they may also think differently.