RESEARCH PROPOSAL BY Mr. Meshack K. Korir JKUAT ASSESSMENT OF POSTHARVEST LOSSES OF RICE: A CASE STUDY OF MWEA AND WESTERN IRRIGATION SCHEMES OF KENYA RESEARCH PROPOSAL BY Mr. Meshack K. Korir JKUAT 17/04/2017

INTRODUCTION Rice is the third most important staple food in Kenya after maize and wheat According to NIB, 95% of rice in Kenya is grown under irrigation while the rest grow under rain fed condition Due to production inefficiencies and increased demand of rice, Kenya is only able to meet 20 % of its needs NIB has estimated per capita rice consumption of 7 kg which is expected to increase to 11kg by 2015 17/04/2017

INTRODUCTION MOA of Kenya has estimated annual consumption of rice to increase at a rate of 12% compared to 4 % for wheat and 1% for maize This is as a result of increasing consumption of rice due to changing eating habits particularly for the urban consumers Therefore, rice production need to be increased if the rising demand for rice is to be met. 17/04/2017

INTRODUCTION Rice availability and accessibility can be increased by: increasing production, improving distribution and reducing the losses Thus, reduction of postharvest losses is a critical component of ensuring future national food security. 17/04/2017

INTRODUCTION Postharvest Food Loss can be quantitative or qualitative Quantitative is measured by decreased weight or volume (Weight loss during drying process and de- husking are not PHL) Qualitative is reduced nutrient value and unwanted changes to taste, color, texture, or cosmetic features of food 17/04/2017

INTRODUCTION Problem statement and justification Research on the improvement of rice production has received considerable attention and funding compared to postharvest activities In Sub-Saharan Africa: quantitative postharvest losses is 10 to 22% Minimizing PHL could translate to reduction in: rice imports, economic losses Food security 17/04/2017

INTRODUCTION Problem statement and justification In Kenya, there is inadequate information on postharvest losses of rice with regards to: What ? Where? and Why? the losses occur in the production system For effective reduction of losses, it is important to estimate the losses and the stages at which they occur 17/04/2017

Broad objective To assess the postharvest losses that occur in rice from harvesting to milling at Mwea, Ahero, West Kano and Bunyala irrigation schemes of Kenya and hence sound scientific solutions Specific objectives To gather information on postharvest losses of rice in Ahero, West Kano and Bunyala irrigation schemes To determine postharvest losses of rice at harvesting, threshing, drying, storage and milling. 17/04/2017

LITERATURE REVIEW Postharvest loss profile of rice PHL of rice occur at various stage which include: Harvesting Threshing Drying storage milling 17/04/2017

LITERATURE REVIEW Postharvest loss profile of rice 1.Harvest Losses Method of harvesting is link to losses. Too much paddy handling create problems both in quality and quantity (NAPHIRE, 1997) In kenya and other developing countries traditional manual methods such as sickle methods are the most common. 17/04/2017

LITERATURE REVIEW Threshing losses depend on the method used Postharvest loss profile of rice 2.Threshing Losses Threshing losses depend on the method used The methods are generally classified as manual, animal or mechanical (FAO, 1997). The simplest threshing systems for rice is striking the panicles against a hard surface. Others include: Trampling underfoot Driving the animals over a layer of sheaves about 30cm thick Treading out which is accomplished with vehicle or tractor 17/04/2017

LITERATURE REVIEW Postharvest loss profile of rice 3. Losses during drying Drying period of harvested paddy rice depends on whether it will be stored for a short or long period or whether it is intended for milling. Sun drying is traditional method of drying the harvested rice The crop is either left in the field to dry after reaping before threshing, or spread out on mats or pavements after threshing. Most losses in drying occur due to: poor technical performance of the technology or improper use of the technology, 17/04/2017

LITERATURE REVIEW Postharvest loss profile of rice 4. Storage losses Pest infestation due to insects, rodents, and birds is a real threat when paddy or milled rice is stored. Measures to control infestation include fumigation of the stock with phosphine gas 17/04/2017

LITERATURE REVIEW Postharvest loss profile of rice 5.Milling losses According to De Padua (1999), milling losses are due to; Inherent poor technical performance of milling machinery, Operator ineptitude Impact: poor milling yields Rice breakage during the milling process increased with the decreasing kernel diameter (Matthews and Spadaro, 1976) 17/04/2017

LITERATURE REVIEW Postharvest loss profile of rice 5.Milling losses Rice breakage during the milling process decreased with the increasing paddy moisture content in the range of 12 to 16% (Dilday, 1987) To have a high quality milling process with reasonable rice breakage, paddy must be harvested at the optimum moisture content and at the suitable stage of maturity (Luh, 1991) Long and tiny rice kernels are more susceptible to breakage during the milling process (Clement and Seguy, 1994) 17/04/2017

METHODOLOGY Study Area The study will be conducted at: Mwea Ahero West Kano and Bunyala irrigation schemes The study will be done in two phases: Baseline survey and A field work 17/04/2017

METHODOLOGY A baseline Survey A baseline survey will be conducted in the study areas Well structured questionnaires will be used for abstracting information on farmers’ perception and knowledge of postharvest losses of rice This will be complemented through information obtained from interviews and target group discussions Stakeholders and scientist will be engaged in evaluating the postharvest losses in rice in the study areas as well as look for possible solutions 17/04/2017

METHODOLOGY Field work Two rice varieties Bismati 370 and R2793-80-1 will be evaluated Planting area: 4m by 5m Farm operation to be carried out include: Land clearing ploughing, retovation, raising nursery for seedlings and transplanting 17/04/2017

METHODOLOGY Measurement of postharvest losses of rice 1. Harvesting losses The rice plots will be divided into quadrants Skilled harvesters will be allowed to harvest using commonly used harvesting methods in the study area Left over rice grains on the harvested plots (both on the ground and on unharvested standing plants) were thoroughly collected, cleaned, dried, weighed and stored. 17/04/2017

METHODOLOGY Measurement of postharvest losses of rice 1. Harvesting losses Percentages of harvesting losses were determined using the method described by Badawi (2003) equation 1. In this equation, HL is the percentage harvesting losses, Lo is the left over paddy, Tt is the total harvested paddy (1) 17/04/2017

METHODOLOGY Measurement of postharvest losses of rice 2. Threshing losses Threshing methods in the study areas will be evaluated After threshing, all the rice grains that will fall out during threshing process will be collected, cleaned, dried and weighed All rice grains remaining on the stalks after threshing will also be collected, cleaned, dried and weighed (1) 17/04/2017

METHODOLOGY Measurement of postharvest losses of rice 2. Threshing losses Threshing losses will be evaluated base on the equation 2 In this equation, TL is percentage threshing losses, WO is the weight of left over grains and WT is the total weight of collected grains (2) 17/04/2017

METHODOLOGY Measurement of postharvest losses of rice 3. Drying losses Dried paddy rice will be gathered and collected, the paddy that will be left out after gathering will also be collected Drying losses will be computed using equation 3 In this equation, WL is percentage weight loss during drying, WO is the weight of left over paddy and Wc is the total weight of collected grains (3) 17/04/2017

METHODOLOGY (4) Measurement of postharvest losses of rice 4. Storage losses Dried paddy rice will be weighed and stored After 60days of storage the paddy will be reweighed Storage losses will be determined based on equation 4 In this equation, WS is percentage weight loss during storage, WI is the initial weight of paddy and WF is the final weight of paddy rice (4) 17/04/2017

METHODOLOGY (4) Measurement of postharvest losses of rice 5. Milling losses Performance of different milling machines will be evaluated on their rice milling yields Milling yield will be calculated based on equation 4 In this equation, WY is percentage milling yield, Ww is the weight of white rice and WP is the weight of paddy (4) 17/04/2017

METHODOLOGY Measurement of postharvest losses of rice 5. Milling losses The grains after milling will be subjected to head grain count to determine breakages A sample of milled rice will be taken Head grains (unbroken grains) were separated from the broken grains and weighed The percentages of broken and unbroken grains will be determined 17/04/2017

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 will be used to analyze the responses on farmer’s perception of post harvest losses. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be performed on experimental data collected using GENSTAT Discovery Edition 3 and separation of treatment means will be done using the LSD at 5% level of significance. 17/04/2017

EXPECTED RESULTS This study is expected to: provide farmer’s information in regard to perception and knowledge on postharvest losses Establish and document losses figures of rice in the study areas 17/04/2017

WORK PLAN 17/04/2017

BUDGET 17/04/2017

REFERENCES Clement, G. and Seguy J. I. (1994). Behavior of rice during processing. Journal of Agriculture and Development. 16:38-46. De Padua, D. (1999). Grain Post Production Systems. Agricultural Engineering Division, International Rice Research Institute Philippines.[www.agnet.org/library/eb/465a/][Acce ssed 10th May 2010] Dilday, R. H. (1987). Genetic effects determining rice grain weight and grain density qualities. [www. springerlink.com/indexpdf] [Accessed 2nd March 2010] Korir, BEED 17/04/2017

REFERENCES F.A.O. (2007). Estimates of Post Harvest Losses of Rice in South East Asia. Available on line at [http://www.fao.org./News/ FACTFILE/FF9712- EHTM][Accessed 2nd May 2010] Golletti, F. and Wolf, C. (1999). The Impact of Post Harvest Research. M.S.S Discussion Paper No 29 International Food Policy Institute, Washington DC. [ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/25716/1/pp0612 0pdf][Accessed 6th March 2010] Matthews, J. and Spadaro, J. J. (1976). Comparison of different rice milling methods. [www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=168 2&context=ijfe]. [Accessed 16th May 2010] Korir, BEED 17/04/2017

REFERENCES NAPHIRE (1997). Technical guide on grain post harvest operation. Munos Neuva Ecija , Philippines. National Post Harvest Institute for Research and Extension.[www.fao.org/inpho/content/compend/te xt/ch10-05.htm][Accessed 15th May 2010] Korir, BEED 17/04/2017

Thank you Korir, BEED 17/04/2017