Slide 1 Before we begin…P-E-G-AS Political: Who controls what? What type of government is there? Anything to do with laws or war. Economic: What type of economy? How do people make a living? Geography: Where is it? Is the land mountainous? Desert? Oceanic? Advances/Social: Religious, intellectual, artistic

Slide 2 Ancient River Valley Civilizations

Slide 3 Early River Valley Civilizations Sumer Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable No natural barriers Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings Egypt Flooding of the Nile predictable Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages Deserts were natural barriers Indus Valley Indus flooding unpredictable Monsoon winds Mountains, deserts were natural barriers China Huang He flooding unpredictable Mountains, deserts natural barriers Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations

Slide 4 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA Oldest known civilization Cradle of Human Civilization Old Testament Nebuchadnezzar Ziggurat (right) Hanging gardens

Slide 5 Geography This civilization rose in the valleys between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Some say this Fertile Crescent was the real Garden of Eden. It has few natural barriers. Natural barriers – Syrian Desert to the south and mountains to the north Built waterways and dams to control the rivers --- able to irrigate crops; floods were a constant threat

Slide 6 In what modern day country was the Fertile Crescent?

Slide 7 Iraq

Slide 8 Ur, the capital city of Mesopotamia

Slide 9 Sumerians The Sumerians invented writing called cuneiform. Babylonians wrote using this “wedge-shaped” writing on clay tablets. Number system based on 60. 12 month calendar wheel, plow , sailboat

Slide 10 More cuneiform writing

Slide 11 Ancient Mesopotamia Social Classes Kings, Priests, Gov’t officials Artisans, merchants, farmers, and fishers Enslaved people

Slide 12 More ziggurats

Slide 13 Hanging Gardens of Babylonia

Slide 14 Babylon under King Nebuchadnezzar II. Herodotus (historian in 450 B.C.) was quoted as saying the following: "In addition to its size, Babylon surpasses in splendor any city in the known world." Outer walls were 56 miles in length, 80 feet thick and 320 feet high. Wide enough to allow a four-horse chariot to turn. Inside the walls were fortresses and temples containing immense statues of solid gold. Rising above the city was the famous Tower of Babel, a temple to the god Marduk, that seemed to reach to the heavens The ancient city of Babylon, under King Nebuchadnezzar II, must have been a wonder to the traveler's eyes. "In addition to its size," wrote Herodotus, a historian in 450 BC, "Babylon surpasses in splendor any city in the known world." Herodotus claimed the outer walls were 56 miles in length, 80 feet thick and 320 feet high. Wide enough, he said, to allow a four-horse chariot to turn. The inner walls were "not so thick as the first, but hardly less strong." Inside the walls were fortresses and temples containing immense statues of solid gold. Rising above the city was the famous Tower of Babel, a temple to the god Marduk, that seemed to reach to the heavens

Slide 15 Another painting of the hanging gardens with Tower of Babel in back                                                                 

Slide 16 Economic: Trade and Farming Traditional Economy Sumerians (Mesopotamians) were known to trade with the Egyptians and the Indus Valley civilizations. In later years, these trade routes became Silk Road.

Slide 17 Sumerians Invented The Wheel The wheel was invented by 6000 BC It helped military, farming and trade. At right, this is made of wood.

Slide 18 Political: Mesopotamian Law Code of Hammurabi “eye for an eye tooth for a tooth”

Slide 20 ANCIENT EGYPT Nile River Mummies Pharaohs Rameses King Tutankhamen Hieroglyphics

Slide 21 Egyptian Civilization Egyptian civilization arose after Mesopotamia. Geography: It was centered around the Nile River.

The Nile River

Slide 21 Nile River Provided fish Supported plants and animals Two rivers, Blue Nile and White Nile, join to make the Nile River. World’s longest river Flows south to north Floods watered the land and provided fertile soils for crops to grow. LONGEST RIVER IN THE WORLD---4, 150 MILES LONG (some sources say 4, 135—all the way up to 4, 160 miles) (debated between Nile and Amazon as to which one is longest) *Provided transportation, water for bathing, drinking water for people and animal *Delta marshes no harbors for invaders

Shows were the Blue Nile begins.

Slide 22 The Sahara Desert. Largest desert in the world. Egypt is naturally protected from enemies because it was surrounded by deserts, rivers, deltas, and cataracts (rapids). Located in northern Africa, south of Mediterranean Sea, west of Red Sea (connect with Israelites). DEFENSES: Nile delta, Sahara Desert, Eastern Desert, Nile cataracts

Slide 23 Pyramids Pyramids were tombs for the kings. The most famous are the Giza pyramids (shown to left). These were built in 3500 B.C.E. How old are they? Why would a pharaoh’s body need protection? From floods, grave robbers, wild animals What supplies did pyramids hold? Those that the pharaoh might need in the spirit world such as clothing, furniture, jewelry and food

Nobody knows exactly what lies inside a blocked shaft of the Great Pyramid. It has 3 doors barring the way to a queen’s 4,000 yr old sarcophagus. In the early 2000s, scientists sent a small robot into the shaft to take a look at the “Queen’s Chamber.” However, the doors did their work well. Not even the robot could squeeze past.

Slide 24 Political: Egyptian Pharaohs Egyptians were led by Pharaohs, who were priest-kings. The most famous pharaoh is King Tut. Using computers, this image was reconstructed using his remains. Eventually, Egypt was divided into 2 kingdoms (Upper and Lower). Early period – there were village chefs. 2 kingdoms – Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt --- both ruled by a king or a pharaoh. First woman ruler was Hatshepsut.

No one is sure what happened to Tut (fall or murdered) No one is sure what happened to Tut (fall or murdered). He played only a small role in Egypt’s history. He captured people’s imaginations after a British imaginations after a British archaeologist, Howard Carter, found his tomb in A.D. 1922. Tomb contained the king’s mummy and incredible treasures, including a brilliant gold mask of the young pharaoh’s face. Carter’s find was a thrilling discovery b/c most royal tombs in Egypt had been looted yrs ago. Tutankhamun

Click on picture of him – website of virtual tour of his tomb

Tutankhamen on the throne

Abu Simbel was built by Ramseses II

Slide 25 Egypt’s Religion They believed in many gods and goddesses and in life after death for the pharaohs. Hapi – main god Isis – main goddess Book of the Dead Book of the Dead was a collection of spells, incantations, magic, etc. Life after death was at first only for pharaohs

Slide 26 Mummies Egyptians who could afford to do so would have themselves mummified. They believed in a better afterlife if their body was preserved.

Slide 27 Mummification Process Took out all of the internal organs, except the heart because it was believed to be the intelligence and emotion of the person. Organs were put in canopic jars, that were put in the tomb with the mummy. Brain was taken out through the nose because it had no significant value. The body was packed and covered with natron (a salty drying agent). Then the body was left for 40-50 days. 

Mummies

Slide 28 Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphics Made up of sound and picture symbols Only scribes (men) were taught to write

Hieroglyphics

Slide 29 What did Egyptians write on? Papyrus Also used to make baskets, sandals and river rafts Early Egyptian contributions: geometry, papyrus, and hieroglyphics

The Great Sphinx is located on the Giza plateau, about six miles west of Cairo. According to an ancient Greek myth, a sphinx slew all people who could not answer its riddle: “What walks on four feet in the morning, on two at noon, and three in the evening?” Oedipus answered the riddle: “Man crawls as a baby, walks an adult, and uses a cane in old age.” The sphinx then killed itself. 7 wonders of the ancient world were: the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Temple of Artemis, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Mausoleum at Halicamassus, the Statute of Zeus at Olympia, the Great Pyramid at Giza, and the Colossus of Rhodes. Assign students to find pictures to create their own “Seven Wonders of Ancient Egypt” booklet or diorama

Slide 30 Egyptian Social Classes Higher on the pyramid – the more money you had; Middle class ran businesses and sold goods.; farmers made up large part of population; unskilled workers carried cargo from boats to market. Diets of bread, beer, veggies, and fruits; father was head of family; girls learned to sew and cook from mothers; boys learned farming and other trades from fathers; children did not attend school and played various games.

Slide 31 Egyptian Economy Although Egypt looks really sophisticated, the economy is a traditional economy based on farming and trade. Egyptians traded up and down the Nile, with Mesopotamians and sometimes with the Indus Valley (in Pakistan)

Indus Valley Civilization

Slide 33 The Land of India Subcontinent Himalaya Mountains Five nations of today: India, Pakistan in the NW, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh in NE It looks like a diamond hanging from the bottom of Asia. It is a subcontinent because even though it is part of Asia, huge mountains separate it from the rest of Asia. 4/17/2017

Slide 34 Fertile River Valleys 2 river valleys: Ganges and Indus South is dry and hilly (Deccan Plateau) Eastern and Western coasts are lush, fertile plains. Monsoons Winter – cold, dry air from mts Summer – warm, wet air from the Arabian Sea Two very fertile river valleys. Snow melts in the Himalaya and its water flows into the Ganges and Indus rivers. This makes the land near here good for farming. Do you have tornadoes or hurricanes where you live? Geography and weather affected India’s first civilization. Monsoons are impt part of the Indian climate. A monsoon is a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite in summer. If rains come on time and the rainy season last long enough, the crop will be good. If it is delayed, a drought will occur (like summer of 2012). 4/17/2017

Slide 35 Indus River Valley This civilization is still mysterious. The writing has not been translated.

Slide 36 Indus River Civilization We do know the cities were sophisticated enough to have brick walls surrounding them for protection against flooding from the Indus River.

Slide 37 India’s greatest advancements were in mathematics. Invented the zero and the symbol for it (another for infinity) They invented the number system we use today (1-9) Algebra Set algorithms Algorithms – way to solve problems Performing mathematical functions with Indian-Arabic numerals is simpler than with Roman numerals because the former system is a base-ten system that uses place value. Roman Indian-Arabic XXV XX IIIII XX IIIII 25 XIII - X III - X III -13 X II 12

Slide 38 Ancient India’s contributions Farmers raised cattle, made the cow sacred and could not be killed. Grew wheat, millet, barley, and rice Developed iron plow Developed a written language – Sanskitt Millet – small seeded grasses --- typically used for cereals, etc. Iron plow – used for irrigation and for the jungle areas.

Slide 39Ancient India’s religions Hinduism-Many gods, reincarnation- (Birth-Death-Rebirth), and Dharma is their law Buddhism-Nirvana, 4 Noble Truths, No material possessions

Slide 40 Indus Economy Just like the other river valley civilizations, the Indus river valley people were mostly farmers. Traditional economy They traded with the Chinese, with the Sumerians (Mesopotamians) and sometimes with the Egyptians.

Slide 41 Ancient India rulers Dynasty – a series of rulers from the same family. 1st dynasty – Mauryan family Gupta dynasty Mahabbarata Dynasty – grandfather was ruler, then father, son, and grandson. Egypt also had dynasties. Gupta dynasty was important because of their advancements in math and science. Mahabbarata was a long sacred text of about 88,000 verses that teaches morals (and had stories).

Slide 42 ANCIENT CHINA Great Wall Began 2000 B.C. Mandate of Heaven Dynasties Silk Astronomy

Yangtze River or Chang Jiang is longer than the Yellow River and flows for about 3,400 miles east across central China where it empties into the Yellow Sea. Has rich soil for farming. Only a little more than 1/10th of the land can be farmed because mts and deserts cover most of the land. These mts and deserts shape China’s history because they were like a wall around the Chinese separating them from most other peoples.

Slide 43 Yellow River Civilization Ancient China was formed around the Yellow River. The color yellow symbolized “centrality”, as in China is the center of the world. Huang He (Yellow River) It gets its name from teh rich yellow soil it carries from Mongolia to the Pacific Ocean. It floods – Good: leaves behind rich topsoil in the valley which allows a large amount of food to grow on small farms; Bad: many people drowned and homes were destroyed (call it “China’s sorrow”).

Slide 44 Chinese Accomplishments During the Zhou and Shang periods achievements in astronomy and bronze work learned to make silk create books developed a complex system of writing.

Slide 45 The Chinese Language 3 examples: 1. Pictographs-Pictures that represent things. 2. Ideographs – join together two or more pictographs to form an idea. 3. Chinese Calligraphy Most characters in their language represent whole words and not sounds.

Slide 46 Example of Chinese Calligraphy

Slide 47 Ancient Chinese Social Classes Landowning aristocrats Peasant farmers Merchants

Slide 48 E:Chinese Invented Silk Silk was exotic and expensive, so it was good for trading with the rest of the world. It is made from silk worms. Silk also makes “paper”

Slide 49 Silk worm

Slide 50 Ancient China Economy Farming and trade Traditional economy First to develop terrace farming-Solution for farming on hillsides. People use Terraces or different levels for farming. This method is still used today for rice and other crops. Chinese Rice Terrace

dyn

Slide 51 Dynasty Dynasty-A family or group that maintains power for generations Xia dynasty -1st dynasty Shang dynasty – built first Chinese cities 1750 B.C. – 1045 B.C.

Slide 52 Confucius’ ideas Restore family order and social harmony: Fathers should display high moral values to inspire their families. Children should respect and obey their parents. All family members should be loyal to each other. Government: Moral leadership, not laws, brought order to China. A king should lead by example, inspiring good behavior in all of his subjects. The lower classes would learn by following the example of their superiors.

Slide 53 Ancient Chinese Religion Believed in gods and spirits Had to keep them happy by offerings of food and other goods Angry gods and spirits may cause a poor harvest or armies to lose a battle Kings received power and wisdom from them Spirits lived in the mountains, rivers, and seas. Kings contacted them before making important decisions. The kings had priests scratch questions on the oracle bones such as “Will I win the battle?” and “Will I recover from my illness?” then the priests placed hot metal rods inside the bones causing them to crack. They believed that the pattern of the cracks formed answers from the gods. The priests interrupted the answers an wrote them down for the kings. Scratches on oracle bones are the earliest known examples of Chinese writing.

Ancient China

The Great Wall of China was built to keep the Mongols out.

Many died building it, and their bodies were used as filler for it.