Chapter 1 *Lecture Outline *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 1 Outline History of Anatomy Definition of Anatomy Structural Organization of the Body Language of Anatomy

What Is Anatomy? Study of structure Greek for “to cut up” or “cut open” Need to know parts before functions Physiology is the study of function See Table 1.1 to compare anatomy and physiology of a structure

Two Sizes of Anatomy Microscopic (a.k.a. histology) Structures too small to be seen with the unaided eye Gross Structures that can be seen with the unaided eye a.k.a. = also known as

Gross Subdisciplines Comparative anatomy Developmental anatomy Examines similarities and differences in anatomy of species Developmental anatomy study of structure changes within an individual from conception through maturity Embryology study of developmental changes occurring prior to birth

Gross Subdisciplines Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy Surface anatomy study of structures within a single region e.g., the head and neck or abdomen Systemic anatomy study of structures involved with a specific activity e.g., digestion or reproduction Surface anatomy study of internal structures as their locations relate to regions of skin or other surface markings

Structural Organization of the Human Body Atoms Molecules Cells Tissue Organs Systems Organism

Structural Organization of the Human Body Figure 1.3

Characteristics of a “Living” Organism Organization (see previous two slides) Metabolism Growth and Development Responsiveness Adaptation Regulation Reproduction

Introduction to Organ Systems There are 11* organ systems in the human body Study trick: “Run Mrs. Lidec!” (*counting male and female reproductive systems separately = 12) Each with organs that work together to perform specific functions

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.4 continued

Figure 1.4 continued

Figure 1.4 continued

Language of Anatomy Anatomy is a visual science, based on proper terminology. For instance, if you are standing up, your heart is “above” your stomach… but where is the heart relative to the stomach when you are lying down? A standard universal position for comparing structures is needed.

(see next slide for example) The Anatomic Position Characteristics of the anatomic position: Standing upright Feet parallel and on the floor Head level and looking forward Arms at side of body Palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body (see next slide for example)

Anatomic Position

Sections and Planes Used to visualize internal and 3-D anatomy of body parts relative to each other A section an actual cut or slice through a structure or a piece removed by slicing a structure Planes imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body or an organ there are three standard anatomic planes

Three Anatomic Planes Coronal (frontal) plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts Transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts Midsagittal (median) plane divides the body into equal left and right halves other sagittal planes divide the body into unequal left and right parts

© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./ Eric Wise, photographer Body Planes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal plane Transverse plane Midsagittal plane Figure 1.5 © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./ Eric Wise, photographer

Anatomic Directions Allow us to describe the relative position of one body structure in relation to another Anterior vs. posterior Superior vs. inferior Medial vs. lateral Proximal vs. distal (see next 2 slides)

Anatomic Directions Figure 1.7

Regional Anatomy The body can be divided into 2 major regions: Axial head, neck, and trunk (the vertical axis of the body) Appendicular upper and lower limbs (appendages)

Body Cavities Posterior cavities Ventral cavities Cranial: formed by skull bones Vertebral: formed by vertebral column bones Ventral cavities Thoracic: the superior cavity Abdominopelvic: the inferior cavity physically separated by the diaphragm

Body Cavities Figure 1.9

Cavity Membranes Ventral cavities are lined by a thin serous membrane divided into two continuous parts (layers): Parietal layer: lines the internal surface of the body wall Visceral layer: covers the external surface of organs in the cavity both layers produce a small amount of fluid to lubricate the organs, protect against friction

Cavity Membranes Figure 1.10

Thoracic Cavity The heart is located in a middle compartment called the mediastinum. Figure 1.10

Thoracic Cavity The serous membrane that surrounds the heart is called the pericardium. As the heart develops, it projects into the pericardium but doesn’t break it. Figure 1.10

Thoracic Cavity The pericardium develops 2 continuous layers: Visceral pericardium: on surface of heart Parietal pericardium: surrounding heart Between the layers is a space called the pericardial cavity Similar development happens with the lungs (see p. 16)

Abdominopelvic Cavity Two continuous cavities with no physical separation Abdominal cavity (superior) Pelvic cavity (inferior) The anatomical boundary between the two cavities is an imaginary horizontal line drawn across the superior border of both hip bones

Membranes of the Abdominopelvic Cavities The serous membrane = peritoneum Two continuous layers Visceral peritoneum: on outer surface of organs Parietal peritoneum: lining the internal walls and not directly in contact with the organs

Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity Being largest cavity, it is divided using 2 sagittal and 2 horizontal planes into 9 regions (see next slide) allowing anatomists and health-care professionals a more accurate way to describe organ locations

Nine Region Division Figure 1.11 Right hypochondriac region Left Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Epigastric region Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Umbilical region Right iliac region Left iliac region Hypogastric region Figure 1.11 (a) Abdominopelvic regions

Abdominopelvic Quadrants Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The abdomino- pelvic cavity can also be divided into 4 quadrants. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) (b) Abdominopelvic quadrants Figure 1.11