Ming Dynasty 明 1368 - 1644. Overview  Last Han Chinese Dynasty  Aborted attempts at overseas expansion  Beginning of sustained contact with the West.

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Presentation transcript:

Ming Dynasty 明

Overview  Last Han Chinese Dynasty  Aborted attempts at overseas expansion  Beginning of sustained contact with the West  Increasingly autocratic rule  Factionalism, Eunuchs, and dynastic decline

Establishing the Ming  Zhu Yuanzhang (1328 – 1399) Hongwu (ruled 1368 – 1399)  Mendicant monk Joined an uprising against the Mongols  Religiously inspired rebel groups  1351 – 1368 widespread rebellions against the Mongols  Joined Leadership of Red Turbans Captured Nanjing and obtained Confucian advisors 1368 took dynastic title and invoked the Mandate of Heaven

Zhu Yuanzhang - Hongwu

Without his make-up?

Hongwu (1368 – 1399)  1368 – 1380 consolidate control and campaign against the Mongols  1380 Turning point in the early Ming Major political purges of former supporters Revamped government  Emperor is the sole coordinator of top echelon administration  Eliminated the Secretariat, Censorate, and Chief Military Commission  1384 Civil Service Examinations reinstituted  Rural Reforms Lijia system – sets of 110 households manage local tax system

Yongle Emperor (r )  Son of Hongwu  Usurped throne from his nephew  Moved capital from Nanjing to Beijing  Expand territory into Manchuria and Vietnam

Voyages of Zheng He  1405 – 1433 Zheng He took seven separate voyages 317 ships 28,000 men Sailed as far as the Arabian Peninsula and east coast of Africa  The Chinese did NOT sail to the Americas Chinese ship vs. Columbus’s Santa Maria

Map of Zheng He’s Voyages

Yongle’s Tribute

Sustained Contacts with the West  Chinese control Contacts  Economic Benefits to China Inflow of Western Silver New world crops  Macau: Portuguese Trading outpost 1517  Jesuit, Franciscan, and Dominican Missionaries  Matteo Ricci, ( ) 1601 permanent headquarters in Beijing

Map of the World Prepared by Matteo Ricci for Wanli Emperor

Ming in Decline Wanli Emperor (r )  Financial crisis  Political paralysis Wanli’s withdrawal from government  Legacy of Hongwu’s reforms Government structure required a strong emperor  Late Ming Eunuch dictator Wei Zhongxian ( ) Donglin Faction  Peasant Rebellions Li Zicheng (1606 – 1645) Zhang Xianzhong (died 1647)

Rise of the Manchus: Founding of the Qing  Downfall of the Ming Dynastic cycle Enuch corruption

Li Zicheng 李自成 ( )

Route of Li Zicheng

Fall of the Ming  Li Zicheng occupies Beijing 1644 “Shun Dynasty” April 1644  Wu Sangui Opens Shanhaiguan  Dorgon enters Beijing June 1644 Qing Dynasty restore “Confucian order” Problems of Conquest Dynasty

Rise of the Manchus: Founding of the Qing  Rise of the Manchus Nurhaci ( ) ( 努尔哈赤 ) Subordinate to Ming Tribal groups Consolidate control Banner System ( 八旗 ) Chinese bureaucratic structure

General Wu Sangui, 吳三桂 ( )