Click on a lesson name to select. Cellular Reproduction Section 1: Cellular Growth Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation

Click on a lesson name to select. Recap: What are the 3 components of the cell theory?? 1. All living organisms have one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

Click on a lesson name to select. Section 1: Cellular Growth –Introduction: Since all living organisms are made of cells, the only way an organism can grow or heal itself is by cellular reproduction. Cell sizes must be limited to ensure that the needs of the cells are met. –Most cells are smaller than the period on the end of this sentence. !!! WHY ARE THEY SO SMALL???...

Click on a lesson name to select. Section 1: Cell Growth I. Cell Size Limitations: 1. Surface area to volume ratio A. Surface Area= all of the area available for reactions to occur (covered by the plasma membrane….) –Formula= length x width x # of sides B. Volume= space inside (includes organelles and cytoplasm…) –Formula= length x width x height

Cellular Growth Ratio of Surface Area to Volume Section 1 Cellular Reproduction

Cellular Growth Is bigger better?? –No!! Small cells transport substances more efficiently. –Surface area to volume ratio decreases as the cell grows larger.

Cellular Reproduction -As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area. -The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products. Section 1 Cellular Growth

Cellular Growth Cell Size Limitations continued… 2. Transport of substances- limits cellsize because small cells can transport easier. –Think Selective permeability! Once inside, substances move by diffusion and proteins Slow in large cells because more space to travel

3. Cellular Communications -The need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size. -Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions. Cellular Reproduction Section 1 Cellular Growth

II.The Cell Cycle -Eukaryotic cells -Somatic Cells (all body cells EXCEPT sex cells) -Cycle produces genetically identical cells (to parent cell). Cellular Reproduction Section 1 Cellular Growth

*Once a cell reaches its size limit, it must either stop growing or divide! Division = Reproduction **Reproduction allows you to grow and heal certain injuries! Cell cycle=each time a cell goes through a complete cycle, it becomes 2 cells. Repeats cause continuous production of new cells.

Cellular Growth Stages of the Cell Cycle

Cellular Growth 3 Main Stages: (each can be subdivided) –1. Interphase= *Majority of a cells life; cell grows, carries out all cell functions, and replicates DNA; (3 sub stages). –2. Mitosis= cell nucleus and nuclear material divide (4 sub stages). –3. Cytokinesis= cytoplasm divides creating a new cell. *shortest time spent here –Cell Cycle duration varies depending on the cell type; Most animal cells around 12-24hrs.

Cellular Reproduction A. The Stages of Interphase The first stage of interphase, G 1 (Gap 1)  *Immediately after a cell divides.  Function: growing, normal cell function, prepares to replicate DNA.  Side note: muscle and nerve cells exit after this step, brain damage is permanent! Section 1 Cellular Growth Digging Deeper…

Cellular Reproduction The Second Stage of Interphase, S (synthesis) Function: cell copies its DNA (prepares for division) *Chromosomes contain DNA (housed in nucleus) Section 1 Cellular Growth

Cellular Reproduction The Third Stage of Interphase, G 2 (Gap 2) * Follows S *Function: cell nucleus prepares to divide and inventory taken to ensure mitosis can proceed. Section 1 Cellular Growth

B. The stages of Mitosis –Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Differ by: appearance and chromosome location Follows S phase of interphase Function: cells nuclear material (chromosomes) divide and separate to opposite ends of the cell.

Cellular Growth C. Cytokinesis –*Follows mitosis –*Function: cell splits/divides –Product*= 2 “daughter cells” with identical nuclei!!

Cellular Growth Prokaryotic cells differ… –Why?? They are simple cells! –Use binary fission-a form of asexual reproduction to reproduce (similar to cloning) –Homework: page ; 6

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 1 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products? A. larger cells B. smaller cells C. cells with lower surface area to volume ratio D. cells shaped like a cube Section 1 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 2 Cellular Reproduction Chapter At what stage does a cell spend most of its life? A. cytokinesis B. interphase C. mitosis D. synthesis Section 1 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 3 Cellular Reproduction Chapter What happens in the cell during cytokinesis? A.The cell grows and carries out normal functions. B.The cell copies its DNA and forms chromosomes. C.The cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide. D.The cell’s cytoplasm divides. Section 1 Formative Questions

Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cellular Reproduction The Stages of Mitosis  Prophase  The cell’s chromatin tightens.  Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere.  Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm. Section 2

Cellular Reproduction  The nuclear envelope seems to disappear.  Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids. Section 2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cellular Reproduction Metaphase  Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell.  They line up in the middle of the cell. Section 2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cellular Reproduction Anaphase  The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten.  The sister chromatids separate.  The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell. Section 2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cellular Reproduction Telophase  The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax.  Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear.  The spindle apparatus disassembles. Section 2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cellular Reproduction Cytokinesis  In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm.  In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms. Section 2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 4 Cellular Reproduction Chapter In what stage of the cell cycle does the cell’s replicated genetic material separate? A. cytokinesis B. interphase C. mitosis D. prophase Section 2 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 5 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Which diagram shows anaphase? A. B. C. D. Section 2 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B FQ 6 Cellular Reproduction Chapter At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is divided and two new cells have formed. Section 2 Formative Questions A. true B. false

Cell Cycle Regulation Cellular Reproduction I. Normal Cell Cycle  Check points in place  Different cyclin/CDK combinations signal other activities, including DNA replication, protein synthesis, and nuclear division throughout the cell cycle. Section 3

Cellular Reproduction Quality Control Checkpoints  The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong.  Spindle checkpoints also have been identified in mitosis. Section 3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction II. Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer  A. Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.  Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function. Section 3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction B. Causes of Cancer  The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations.  Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells. Section 3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction III. Apoptosis  Programmed cell death  Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink and shrivel in a controlled process. Section 3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction IV. Stem Cells  Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions Section 3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction A. Embryonic Stem Cells  After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 cells. These cells have not become specialized. Section 3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction B. Adult Stem Cells  Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue  Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor Section 3 Cell Cycle Regulation

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 7 Cellular Reproduction Chapter What are the “key and ignition” that start the various activities in the cell cycle? A. chromatin and chromosomes B. cyclin and CDKs C. microtubules and spindle fibers D. protein and ribosomes Section 3 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 8 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Which of these cancer-causing substances or agents is impossible to avoid completely? A. chemicals such as asbestos B. food and drinks that the FDA warns may contain carcinogens C. tobacco and second-hand smoke D. ultraviolet radiation from the Sun Section 3 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Section 3 Formative Questions What is the term for the programmed death of cells that are damaged beyond repair or have harmful changes in their DNA? A. apoptosis B. carcinogens C. cytokinesis D. mitosis

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 10 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Section 3 Formative Questions Which cells are not locked into becoming one particular kind of cell and are capable of developing into specialized tissues? A. apoptotic cells B. cancer cells C. prokaryotic cells D. stem cells

Cellular Reproduction Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice connected.mcgraw-hill.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature. Chapter

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 1 A. interphase B. prophase C. metaphase D. telophase Which is the first phase of mitosis? Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 2 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter A. interphase B. metaphase C. anaphase D. telophase During what phase do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell?

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 3 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter A. cytokinesis B. interphase C. apoptosis D. mitosis Which is not a phase of the cell cycle?

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CAQ 1 Cellular Reproduction Chapter This cell has completed what stage of mitosis? A. anaphase B. interphase C. metaphase D. telophase Chapter Assessment Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CAQ 2 Cellular Reproduction Chapter What term is used to describe programmed cell death? A. apoptosis B. anaphase C. necrosis D. cyclins Chapter Assessment Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CAQ 3 Cellular Reproduction Chapter What is the role of cyclins in a cell? A.to control the movement of microtubules B.to signal for the cell to divide C.to stimulate the breakdown of the nuclear membrane D.to cause the nucleolus to disappear Chapter Assessment Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C STP 1 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume? A B C Standardized Test Practice

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 2 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Standardized Test Practice At what stage of interphase does the cell take inventory and make sure it is ready for the division of its nucleus? A. G 1 B. S C. G 2 D. M

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 3 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Standardized Test Practice Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells during the cell cycle? A.formation of a cell plate B.formation of microtubules C.formation of a cleavage furrow at the equator of the cell D.movement of chromosomes to the poles of the cell

1.A 2.B STP 4 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Standardized Test Practice Multiple changes in DNA are required to change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell. A. true B. false

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 5 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Standardized Test Practice Which is not a condition that can result in cancer? A. a failure in the control mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle B. a failure in the repair systems that fix changes or damage to DNA C. a failure of the spindle fibers to move chromosomes during mitosis D. mutations or changes in segments of DNA that control protein production

Cellular Reproduction Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter

Cellular Reproduction Image Bank Chapter

cell cycle interphase mitosis cytokinesis chromosome chromatin Cellular Reproduction Section 1 Vocabulary Section 1

prophase sister chromatid centromere spindle apparatus metaphase anaphase telophase Cellular Reproduction Section 2 Vocabulary Section 2

cyclin cyclin-dependent kinase cancer apoptosis stem cell Cellular Reproduction Section 3 Vocabulary Section 3

Cellular Reproduction Chapter  Visualizing the Cell Cycle Visualizing the Cell Cycle Animation

Cellular Reproduction Chapter