Cell Structure

Two Types of Cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Pro = before Karyon = nucleus Lacks: Nucleus Internal compartments (membrane bound organelles) Small, simple, single-celled organisms BACTERIA Eukaryotes Eu = true Karyon = nucleus Has: Nucleus Internal compartments (membrane bound organelles) Complex, multi-celled organisms PLANTS & ANIMALS

Prokaryotic Cells Bacteria Have no nuclei or internal compartments Small, single-celled organisms

Prokaryotic Structures Cell wall surrounds the cell membrane and provides structure and support Can have three shapes: coccus (spherical) bacillus (rod-shaped) spirillum (spiral)

Flagella/Cilia (Factory Vehicles) threadlike structures protrude from the cell’s surface allows for movement

Eukaryotic Cells Animal Cells or Plant Cells Have a nucleus and organelles Complex and multi-celled

Eukaryotic Structure Animal Cell Plant Cell

All Cells Have: Cell (plasma) membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes DNA

Cell (Plasma) Membrane (POLICEMAN) Separates the cell from its environment Regulates what enters and exits the cell Protects the cell

Cytoplasm (RIVER) Semi-fluid (jelly-like) interior of the cell What holds the cell’s structures

Centrioles (DIVIDERS) ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS Make microtubules (for cytoskeleton) Help cells divide Found in pairs next to nucleus

Nucleus (BRAIN) Control (information) center Manages all cell functions Contains DNA

Nuclear Membrane/Envelope (GUARD OF NUCLEUS) Separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell Regulates what enters and exits the nucleus Protects the nucleus

Nucleolus (RIBOSOME MAKER) Found inside the nucleus Makes ribosomes

Ribosomes (BUILDERS) Are “free” (scattered in cytoplasm) or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum. Make (synthesize) proteins

Chromatin (DNA) Genetic information DNA provides the instructions for all the activities that occur in a cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum (TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE) Network of membranes (2 Kinds)

Endoplasmic Reticulum (TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE) Rough ER Ribosomes attached Move proteins through cell Where proteins are made

Endoplasmic Reticulum (TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE) Smooth ER No ribosomes attached Make lipids; break down toxic substances

Golgi Apparatus/Body (MAILMAN/UPS) Processes, packages and ships new proteins Flattened membrane

Vesicles (VEHICLES) Small sac that transports things Takes newly made proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus new proteins ER Vesicle Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes (TRASHMAN) Contain digestive enzymes Digest worn out cell parts, food, or invaders

Vacuoles (WAREHOUSE/STORAGE) Stores water, food, wastes, and other materials

Vacuoles (WAREHOUSE/STORAGE) Plants have a CENTRAL VACUOLE Very large When full gives plants rigidity Animal cells only have small vacuoles

Mitochondria (POWERPLANT) Produces energy for the cell Uses food (glucose) and oxygen to make energy Have own DNA and ribosomes

Cytoskeleton (FRAMEWORK) Microscopic fibers Microtubules and Microfilaments

Cytoskeleton (FRAMEWORK) Microfilaments: threadlike structures made up of the protein actin produce a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell help with movement

Cytoskeleton (FRAMEWORK) Microtubules hollow structures made of tubulins (protein) that help maintain cell shape play an important role in cell division build projections from the cell surface—cilia and flagella—that enable some cells to swim rapidly through liquids

PLANT CELL ONLY!!!

Chloroplast (CHEF) Produce energy for cell by photosynthesis Convert light energy into food energy Store as starch

ONLY IN PLANT CELLS Leukoplasts (COOKIE JARS) Stores starch Chromoplasts (CRAYOLAS) Stores colored pigments

Cell Wall (SKELETON) ONLY IN PLANT CELLS (and prokaryotes) Surrounds cell membrane Supports and protects cell

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION CELL The basic unit of life. What is a group of cells working together?

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION TISSUE A group of similar cells working together to perform a function. What is a group of tissues working together?

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION A group of similar tissues working together to perform a function. What is a group of organs working together?

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION SYSTEM A group of similar organs working together to perform a function. What is a group of organ systems working together?

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION ORGANISM A group of similar organ systems working together to perform a function.