Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 14 Food Habits and Cultural patterns We eat as we learned from our families.

Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.2 Key Concepts Personal food habits develop as part of a person’s social and cultural heritage as well as individual lifestyle and environment. Social and economic change results in alterations in food patterns. American eating patterns are influenced by many different cultures.

Influences on Food Habits Social –Social structure, social factors Psychosocial –Understanding diet patterns –Food and psychosocial development –Marketing and environmental influences Economic –Family income and food habits Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.3

Cultural Development of Food Habits Strength of personal culture –Conscious/ unconscious learning of traditions Foods in a culture –Availability, $, personal food meaning/ belief –What is eaten and when it is eaten Traditional food patterns –Elderly retain tradition more than young Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.4

Dietary Religious Laws Jewish –Orthodox – strict adherence –Conservative – less strict observance –Reformed – less ceremonial emphasis and minimal general use. Kosher – “fit and proper” to eat; ritually cleaned of the blood content. Do not mix milk & meat in one meal; utensils are separate. Influences: bagel, challah, lox, matzo, strudel Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.5

Dietary Religious Laws Muslim –Based on teachings of the Koran –No pork; all meats are drained of blood (halal) similar to kosher meats –No alcohol Influences: bulgur, pita, pilaf, falafel, tabouli Ramadan – 30 day daylight fasting, Festival of Eid iftar Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.6

Spanish and Native American Influences Mexican –Dried beans, chili peppers and corn; coffee Puerto Rican –Similar to Mexican; add fruits, plantains, dried codfish and rice Native American –Meat daily, fry bread, corn based bread; frying is common Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.7

Southern United States African American: –Breads- biscuits, cornmeal variations –Cooked cereals – grits, mush, oatmeal –Vegetables – black eyed peas, greens, okra, sweet potatoes –Meats – pork, chicken; frying is common French American (Cajun): –Seafood, spicy, strong flavors served over rice –Jambalaya!! Grits, yams, hush puppies, cush- cush Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.8

Asian Food Patterns Chinese –Fresh foods, quickly cooked (wok), green tea, rice every meal, soy sauce; pickled, dried, salted foods in small quantities Japanese – similar to Chinese –Sushi, fish, vegs steamed or pickled; fresh fruit; –High in salt, low in milk products Southeast Asia – Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia –Nuts and legumes are primary protein source; eat rice, fish, vegs, fruit. Little red meat. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.9

Mediterranean Influences Italian – Social time! –Bread and pasta is basic to most meals. Love cheese! Use fish, poultry, vegs. Fresh fruit is dessert or snack. Red meat monthly. Greek –Bread is center. Yogurt, feta cheese; Lamb and fish are main meats. Rice is the main grain used. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.10

Personal Food Choices Basic Determinants – –Needs to be culturally sensitive and understand the factors involved with your patient Factors Influencing Change – –Income- allows choices in foods –Technology – amount and variety of choices –Access to food - fresh food vs fast food –Vision – media leads expectations and desires Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.11

Changing American Food Patterns Households – no longer just nuclear family Working women – want food items that save space, time and labor Family meals – less family meals; eat on the run or eat out more Meals and snacks - grazing Health and Fitness – increase in healthier foods Econo Buying – cost per unit; Sams/ Costco Fast foods – has ½ of all restaurant $ spent; ‘super size me’! 2 for 1 deals; increases our fat waist Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.12

Be careful what you choose to eat. Read the labels Ask yourself – Do I need it or just want it? Drink more water. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.13