InputsOutputsLocation in the Cell GlycolysisGlucose, ADP + P NAD + + H + ATP 2 Pyruvate, ATP NADH ADP + P Cytoplasm Link Reaction2 Pyruvate NAD + + H + 2 Acetyl – CoA, 2 CO 2 NADH Matrix of Mitochondria Krebs Cycle2 Acetyl – CoA NAD + + H + FAD +2 H + 4 CO 2 NADH FADH 2 Matrix of Mitochondria Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC) O H + NADH FADH 2 ADP + P H 2 O NAD + + H + FAD +2 H + *****ATP ***** Inner mitochondrial membrane and matrix of mitochondria Light Dependent Reaction H 2 O NADP + + H + ADP + P O H + NADPH ATP Inner thylakoid membrane and stroma of chloroplast Calvin Cycle (Carbon Reactions, Light Independent Rxn) CO 2 NADPH ATP PGAL  Glucose NADP + + H + ADP + P Stroma of chloroplast

Glycolysis (cytoplasm)

Pyruvate processing (membrane b/w cytoplasm and mitochondria) / Citric acid Cycle (mitochondrial matrix)

Electron Transport Chain (mitochondrial membrane)

Cellular Respiration Animation

Why do you suffocate when you lose access to oxygen? a.Explain what happens inside your mitochondria when you lose access to oxygen and why this poses such a dire problem for your cells. b.How is it that some other organisms don’t suffocate in oxygen-free environments, and in fact thrive there?

Explain what the point of the “energy investment” phase of Glycolysis is. Why put in ATP, if the cell wants to get ATP out of it?

Metabolism The totality of an organism’s chemical processes. Concerned with managing the material and energy resources of the cell.

Catabolic Pathways Pathways that break down complex molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy. Example: Respiration

Anabolic Pathways Pathways that consume energy, building complex molecules from smaller ones. Example: Photosynthesis

Energy Ability to do work. The ability to rearrange a collection of matter. Forms of energy: KineticPotentialActivation

Energy Transformation Governed by the Laws of Thermodynamics.

1st Law of Thermodynamics Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. Also known as the law of “Conservation of Energy”

2nd Law of Thermodynamics Each energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

Entropy Measure of disorder A B

Summary The quantity of energy in the universe is constant, but its quality is not.

Question? How does Life go against Entropy? By using energy from the environment or external sources (e.g. food, light).

Free Energy The portion of a system's energy that can perform work.

  G =  H - T*  S  Any reaction that decreases  G is thermodynamically favorable and occurs spontaneously.   G reaction = G products - G reactants  If  G is negative, free energy is released and the reaction proceeds spontaneously. EXERGONIC  If  G is positive, addition of energy (work) is required for the reaction to proceed. ENDERGONIC  If  G is zero, the system is in equilibrium. Change in Gibbs free energy change in potential energy of the system change in the disorder of the system We can use Gibbs free energy to predict when reactions are spontaneous :

Fig. 4.9

Coupled endergonic and exergonic reactions Exergonic reaction Endergonic reaction before after Gibbs free energy overall  G Almost every endergonic process performed by organisms is powered by the hydrolysis of ATP, including

C 6 H 12 O O 2 6 CO H 2 O Aerobic Cellular Respiration  G = –2870 kJ/mol  G = +992 kJ/mol  G total = kJ/mol Inputs:Outputs:

The Big Picture

Fig. 5.3

Fig. 5.4

All of the oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere was produced (and is continually replenished) by photosynthesis. Explain why plants produce an excess of oxygen. a. Where is the oxygen that is released by photosynthesis coming from? b. What do plants do with the sugar that is produced by photosynthesis? c. Given that plants have mitochondria as well that engage in cellular respiration, can you explain how there is still an excess of oxygen that gets released by the plants?

Photosynthesis Animations Light Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle

Cellular Respiration Animations Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain