Chapter Summary Section 1: The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution began in the British textile industry in the 1700s and then spread to America. Several inventions, including the steam engine, contributed to the growth of industry. People who had been farmers began working in factories. Many workers, especially young women and children, were treated badly in the factories.

Chapter Summary (continued) Section 2: The North Transformed During the Industrial Revolution, new inventions changed agriculture, manufacturing, communications, and transportation. In the 1840s, millions of immigrants from Western Europe came to the United States, and many moved west to escape crowded cities. Nativists opposed immigration, while African Americans in the north faced discrimination.

Chapter Summary (continued) Section 3: The Plantation South The Industrial Revolution caused a boom in textiles, which increased the demand for southern cotton. The southern economy came to depend on cotton and on the slave labor needed to grow it. The number of slaves in the United States increased rapidly. Slaves had no rights at all and lived very hard lives. Free African Americans also faced obstacles.

Chapter Summary (continued) Section 4: The Challenges of Growth New roads, turnpikes, and canals enabled northerners and southerners to move west. But westward expansion threatened to upset the balance between free states and slave states. The Missouri Compromise temporarily eased tensions, but in time, the issue of slavery would split the Union in two.

Channel Awesome North and South Take Different Paths: Music Video

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