A Changing World Mr. Gutierrez

Expanding Horizons ► When the Roman Empire fell, the people of western Europe were separated from the rest of the world.  They were divided by the Catholic Church into many small kingdoms and city-states. ► Feudal System (Feudalism): rule by lords who owe loyalty to a monarch ► Manor: large estates run by Lords ► Few people left the manor. The manor had everything needed for survival. It was self- sufficient. (blacksmith, church, market, etc.)

Topic: Exploration Aim: How did the Crusades lead to the Age of Exploration? 1. Based on the pyramid below, who had the most power? most power? 2. Which group had the largest population? VASSALS (KNIGHTS) KING LORDS PEASANTS (LARGEST GROUP) SERFS (SLAVES)

Expanding Horizons ► Islam swept across the Middle East and Africa.  Followers were known as Muslims.  European Christians feared of losing access to the Holy Land.

MAPOfMIDDLEEAST

Expanding Horizons ► In 1095, The Crusades occurred.  Nine expeditions to regain control of the holy sites. ► This brings Europeans in contact with the Middle East.  Arab merchants sold spices, sugar, silk and other goods from China and India. ► In 1296, Marco Polo would return from China and write his book, Polo’s Travels.  200 years later, this would inspire Christopher Columbus to find a new route to Asia.

The Growth of Ideas ► New Ideas emerge in Italian City-States  Banking and Expansion of trade made Italian merchants wealthy.  Italians looked to classical (Greek & Roman) works with new interest.  Tested theories new and old.  Experimental approach to science.  Began to appreciate Greek art for its realistic approach for portraying people.

The Renaissance ► The Renaissance – French word meaning “rebirth.”  References renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman learning.  It spread for two centuries, in all directions reaching Spain and northern Europe in the 1400’s.  Would pave the way for exploration and discovery.

Powerful Nations Emerge ► During the 1400’s the population of western Europe began to increase. ► Merchants and bankers wanted to expand their businesses through growing trade.  If they could buy from the East directly, instead of buying from the Arabs and Middle East. they could make more profit. ► Began searching for alternate routes. ► The Development of Large Nation States such as Spain, Portugal, France, and England encouraged more trade and exploration.

Powerful Nations Emerge ► The Development of Large Nation States such as encouraged more trade and exploration.  Spain, Portugal, France, and England ► Established National Laws, courts, taxes and armies.  Sought ways to make their countries wealthier and more powerful.

Technology’s Impact ► Technology – The use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. ► Paved the way for European Voyages and Expeditions. ► In the 1450’s the introduction of the moveable type and printing press made it much easier to print books.  More books = More new information.  Lead to the mass printing of Marco Polo’s Travels.

Better Maps ► Maps were a problem for early navigators.  Usually drawn up by traders ► Cartographer – Mapmakers  Using information from reports of explorers and Arab geographers.  Gradually increase their skill.  More accurate maps of land and sea.  Began showing direction of ocean currents and latitude lines.

Better Maps ► Compass – Would determine which way North was. ► Astrolabe – determined your latitude location using the stars. ► Quadrant – determined your latitude based on Polaris, the North Star.

COMPASS ASTROLABE QUADRANT

Better Ships ► Advances in ship design allowed for long ocean voyages.  Caravel – Sailed faster, carried more cargo and food supplies as well as sail into shallow water for repairs. ► Italian merchants were facing fierce competition now.  Portugal began sending ships down the west coast of Africa. ► Arabs introduce the stern rudder and the triangular sail.

Stern Rudder Triangular Sail

African Kingdoms ► Powerful kingdoms flourished in Africa south of the Sahara between 400 and  Rich with natural resources (gold, copper, and iron ore) ► Trade with Islamic societies in North Africa brought both wealth and Islamic ideas and customs to the West African Kingdoms. ► Portuguese set up trade post for gold and slaves. Arab Traders (Middle East) cotton, silk porcelain African Interior Ivory Metal

Ghana – A Trading Empire ► Between 400 and 1100, Ghana existed as a vast trading empire.  Located between the salt mines of the Sahara and the gold mines of the south.  Prospered from taxes the leaders imposed on trade. ► As a result of the trading, many west Africans became Muslims. ► Ghana would eventually decline.  Attacked by Almoravids and gold mines located away from it. (meaning new trade routes)

Mali – A Powerful Kingdom ► A new state, Mali, would grow into a powerful kingdom.  Developed own trade route to North Africa.  Expanded territory soon reached what was once Ghana.  Mostly agricultural.

Mali – A Powerful Kingdom ► Greatest king was Mansa Musa.  Rules between 1312 and  In 1324, made a pilgrimage (journey to religious place) to Makkah (Mecca) in western Saudi Arabia.  Built great mosques (Muslim houses of worship) in the capital of Timbuktu.