WWII Lecture 3 Allies Turn the Tide 1942-1944 10.10

You will learn: Total war Rosie the Riveter Dwight D. Eisenhower Leningrad Stalingrad D-Day Yalta Conference

Focus Questions How did the Allies mobilize all of their resources for the war effort? How did the Allies push back the Axis on four fronts? What agreements did the Big Three make at the Conference at Yalta?

Government Power Increases The U. S and G.B. had to direct economic output for the war effort. to stop producing cars, radios start making airplanes , tanks. Gov’ts rationed amounts of food and goods $$$ was raised through war bonds

Even during war, democratic nations limited rights Press was censored Propaganda was used to win popular support

Women help the war Many women went to work Rosie the Riveter symbolized women going to work planes, tanks and ships nurses Soviet Lily Litvak shot down 12 Germans before getting killed

Japanese set back Battle of Coral Sea- first major Japanese loss Lasted 5 days in May 1942 First time enemy ships never saw each other Battle of Midway- June 1942 another U.S. win Americans destroyed 4 Japanese carriers After Midway Japan could not launch anymore offensive attacks

Big Three By 1942 the “Big Three” Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin Agreed to finish the war in Europe before ending the war in the Pacific Allies did not trust each other from the start FDR and Churchill afraid Stalin wanted to dominate Europe.

No one wanted to risk the break in the alliance Conference in Tehran, Iran 1943 FDR and Churchill agreed to let the borders in the Nazi-Soviet Pact stand after the war This was against the wishes of Poland

Stalin wanted FDR and Churchill to open up the war on the Western front They said they didn’t have the resources yet Stalin saw this as them trying to weaken the USSR. Who trusts whom in this alliance?

Victory in Africa Rommel “Desert Fox” commanded the German troops in Africa 1942 Allies drove his army from Libya to Tunisia Dwight D. Eisenhower joined Britain and attacked Rommel’s army in Tunisia. Rommel surrendered in May 1943

Italy Allies crossed into Italy July 1943 British and American forces landed on Sicily and then southern Italy After 18 months, Allies suffered heavy losses, but weakend the Axis

The Italian Campaign [“Operation Torch”] : Europe’s “Soft Underbelly” Allies plan assault on weakest Axis area - North Africa - Nov. 1942-May 1943 George S. Patton leads American troops Germans trapped in Tunisia - surrender over 275,000 troops.

The Battle for Sicily: June, 1943 General George S. Patton

Allies attack Sicily Hitler send German troops to defend Italy. With a victory in N. African the Allies invade Italy Operation “Blood and Guts” Italy loses faith in Mussolini, and replace him, and then negotiated peace sept 9, 1943 Mussolini was lynched by his own people

The Allies Liberate Rome: June 5, 1944

The Struggle on the Eastern Front Lightning attack 3 million soldiers Scorched Earth Stalin asks the allies for three things 1. Massive aid 2. Recognition of his territorial demands in Eastern Europe 3. Establishment of a second warfront in Western Europe

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941 3,000,000 German soldiers. 3,400 tanks.

Eastern Front Operation Barbarossa: to take over the Soviet Union for it’s Natural Resources Germans Army sends 3 million soldiers in the Soviet Union using the Blitzkrieg. The Soviets use Scorched Earth: killing and burning their own land to leave nothing for the Nazi’s Russian Winter

Stalingrad 1942 Hitler launched an attack on the USSR for the oil fields German forces only got as far as Stalingrad Hitler wanted Stalin’s namesake city This was the costliest battle in terms of lives Jan 1943 Germans, tired ,starved and out of ammunition surrendered.

Battle of Stalingrad: Winter of 1942-1943 German Army Russian Army 1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men 10,290 artillery guns 13,541 artillery guns 675 tanks 894 tanks 1,216 planes 1,115 planes

Battle of Stalingrad Germans advance to fast Coldest winter in 40 years Germans cannot get supplies – Germans soldiers begin to Starve The Russians stop the Germans in Stalingrad and begin to push the Nazi’s back

D-Day June 6, 1944 D-Day or invasion of France Lead by Eisenhower They stormed the beach and took it

Eisenhower speaks to troops

D Day Operation Overlord Three conditions 1. Supplies 2. Secrecy 3. Clear weather General Eisenhower

June 6, 1944 Within 24 hours 120,000, troops landed on the beaches of Normandy Within three weeks 800,000 troops joined the allies in France German soldiers retreat – the allied soldiers liberate France in august of 1944

Allies Advance 2 years Allies bombed Germany Crippled Germany’s industries After freeing France Allies marched toward Germany Took Belgium in December Battled of the Bulge lasted more than a month Many losses Ultimately Germans lost and could not break through Their last great battle

Battle of the Bulge: In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. They pushed back the U.S. First Army, forming a bulge in the Allied Line. The resulting clash came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge. The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the United States Army. In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west. Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945. Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945, refusing to flee the city. On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered. Americans at home celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

French Female Collaborators

Yalta Conference Feb. 1945 the Big Three meet at Yalta Again planned a war strategy, but did not trust each other Stalin wanted control of Eastern Europe FDR and Churchill wanted self determination for Eastern (right to choose their own government)

The terms: Soviets would enter the war with Japan three months after German surrender Divide Germany in Four Zones temporarily Governed by French, British, American and Soviet forces Soviets get occupation zone in Korea Free elections in Eastern Europe

Now answer the focus questions