The First Civilizations CHAPTER 2 4/17/2017 CHAPTER 2 The First Civilizations Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile Section 2: Egyptian Life and Culture Section 3: Sumerian Civilization Section 4: Empires of the Fertile Crescent Section 5: The Phoenicians and the Lydians Section 6: The Origins of Judaism

Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile Objectives: Explore how geography affected the development of ancient Egypt. Identify the events and discoveries that marked the development of Egyptian civilization. Explain how Egyptian kingdoms developed and why they collapsed.

The Land: Its Geography and Importance Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile The Land: Its Geography and Importance The Nile River Other natural advantages – farmland, mineral deposits

Early Steps Toward Civilization Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile Early Steps Toward Civilization Mining metals Making alloys and pottery Writing - hieroglyphics

Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile The Egyptian Kingdoms The Old Kingdom – pharaohs grew weaker and nobles grew stronger The Middle Kingdom – “golden age” The New Kingdom – Hatshepsut was one of first known female rulers Egypt’s decline – Ramses was last great pharaoh

Egyptian Life and Culture Section 2: Egyptian Life and Culture Objectives: Describe Egyptian achievements in the arts and architecture. Examine how the Egyptians expressed their religious beliefs. Explain how farming and trade were carried on in Egypt.

The Achievements of Ancient Egypt Section 2: Egyptian Life and Culture The Achievements of Ancient Egypt Architecture and the arts – pyramids, sculpture Science, math, and medicine – calendar, number system and geometry, herbal medicines

Education and Religion Section 2: Egyptian Life and Culture Education and Religion The gods – animal symbols The afterlife – mummification to preserve body

Egyptian Life and Culture Section 2: Egyptian Life and Culture Society and Economy Farming – peasants farmed, but pharaohs owned land Trade – in caravans and by sea

Sumerian Civilization Section 3: Sumerian Civilization Objectives: Explore how geography affected the development of the Sumerian civilization. Identify the achievements of the Sumerian people. Describe what life was like in Sumerian society.

The Land: Its Geography and Importance Section 3: Sumerian Civilization The Land: Its Geography and Importance Fertile Crescent – not isolated Flood control – society built on cooperation

Sumer and Its Achievements Section 3: Sumerian Civilization Sumer and Its Achievements Sumerian writing – cuneiform Architecture and science – arch, wheel, math

Sumerian Civilization Section 3: Sumerian Civilization Sumerian Society Government and society – priests, kings, and nobles at top, peasant farmers and slaves at bottom of society Farming and trade – dates, grains, vegetables, flax for linen, animals Education and religion – only upper-class males attended school; practiced polytheism

Empires of the Fertile Crescent Section 4: Empires of the Fertile Crescent Objectives: Explain why Sumerians were attacked by outsiders. Examine the characteristics of Babylonian society. Investigate which invaders conquered Babylon and why they failed to control it. Describe the achievements of the Persians.

Empires of the Fertile Crescent Section 4: Empires of the Fertile Crescent The Akkadians From Mesopotamia Sargon

Empires of the Fertile Crescent Section 4: Empires of the Fertile Crescent The Babylonians Code of Hammurabi – “an eye for an eye” Babylonian culture – farming, women could own property Religion – sacrifices

Empires of the Fertile Crescent Section 4: Empires of the Fertile Crescent Other Conquerors The Hittites – laws and government The Assyrians – first to use cavalry The Chaldeans – Nebuchadnezzar

Empires of the Fertile Crescent Section 4: Empires of the Fertile Crescent The Persians Government – collected taxes, administered law fairly, built roads Persian religion – Zoroastrianism, universal struggle between good and evil The decline of the Persians – kings lacked leadership abilities

The Phoenicians and the Lydians Section 5: The Phoenicians and the Lydians Objectives: Examine how trade influenced Phoenician culture. Describe how a money economy developed in Lydia.

The Phoenicians and the Lydians Section 5: The Phoenicians and the Lydians The Phoenicians Phoenician trade – lumber, metals, glass blowing, dyeing Phoenician culture – developed Phoenician alphabet

The Phoenicians and the Lydians Section 5: The Phoenicians and the Lydians Lydians First people to use coined money made of gold and silver

The Origins of Judaism Objectives: Section 6: Explain how the migrating Hebrews found a homeland. Explore how religious views affected Hebrew culture.

The Origins of Judaism The Hebrews Section 6: The Exodus – Moses led Hebrews out of slavery The Ten Commandments The founding of Israel – King Saul

The Development of Judaism Section 6: The Origins of Judaism The Development of Judaism Law and ethics – Torah Religion – ethical monotheism

Ancient Indian Civilizations CHAPTER 3 4/17/2017 CHAPTER 3 Ancient Indian Civilizations Section 1: Indus River Valley Section 2: Indo-Aryan Migrants Section 3: Hinduism and Buddhism Section 4: Ancient Indian Dynasties Section 5: Ancient Indian Life and Culture

Indus River Valley Objectives: Section 1: Examine the role geography and climate played in the settlement of the Indian subcontinent. Investigate how people in the first Indus River valley civilization lived.

The Importance of Geography and Climate Section 1: Indus River Valley The Importance of Geography and Climate Physical geography – Himalayas, Ganges River, Indus River The climate – monsoons and high temperatures

Early Civilization in the Indus Section 1: Indus River Valley Early Civilization in the Indus River valley Large, carefully planned cities Facilities for storage and distribution of surplus food

Indo-Aryan Migrants Objectives: Section 2: Explain how life in northern India changed with the coming of the Indo-Aryans. Identify the major contributions of the Indo-Aryans to ancient Indian society.

The Nomadic Indo-Aryans Section 2: Indo-Aryan Migrants The Nomadic Indo-Aryans The Vedic Age Indo-Aryan religion – from nature

Early Indo-Aryan Society Section 2: Indo-Aryan Migrants Early Indo-Aryan Society Indo-Aryan society – settled communities, marriage was important The Indo-Aryan economy – barter Southern India

Hinduism and Buddhism Section 3: Objectives: Section 3: Describe the importance of religion in ancient Indian society. Identify the principal elements of Hinduism. Identify the basic beliefs of Buddhism.

The Upanishads and the Epics Section 3: Hinduism and Buddhism The Upanishads and the Epics Upanishads – written explanation of Vedic religion Epics – long poems based on historical or religious themes Bhagavad Gita

Hinduism and Buddhism A Changing Society Section 3: Caste system Varnas – social classes

Hinduism and Buddhism Buddhism Section 3: The Buddha’s teachings – reincarnation, ethics, selflessness The spread of Buddhism

Ancient Chinese Civilization CHAPTER 4 4/17/2017 CHAPTER 4 Ancient Chinese Civilization Section 1: Geographic and Cultural Influences Section 2: The Shang Dynasty Section 3: The Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties Section 4: Philosophies of Ancient China Section 5: Chinese Life and Culture

Geographic and Cultural Influences Section 1: Geographic and Cultural Influences Objectives: Explore the role that rivers played in Chinese life. Investigate how geography influenced the development of Chinese culture.

Geographic and Cultural Influences Section 1: Geographic and Cultural Influences The Physical Setting Different regions The rivers of China – Huang, Chang, Xi

Geographic and Cultural Influences Section 1: Geographic and Cultural Influences China’s Isolation Zhongguo (Middle Kingdom) Lack of contact with foreigners

The Shang Dynasty Objectives: Section 2: Examine how the Chinese explained their early history. Describe how the Shang government and economy were organized. Identify the religious beliefs held by the Shang. Explain why the Shang dynasty collapsed.

Legends of Ancient China Section 2: The Shang Dynasty Legends of Ancient China Pangu – first man, created universe Yu – drained floodwaters Xia – line of kings Tang – a Shang leader

Government and Culture Section 2: The Shang Dynasty Government and Culture Economy and handicrafts – agriculture, artisans Astronomy and the calendar

Religion in the Shang Period Section 2: The Shang Dynasty Religion in the Shang Period Animism Festivals Shangdi Priests tried to predict the future using oracle bones

The Shang Dynasty Language and Writing Section 2: Ideographs Calligraphy

Fall of the Shang Dynasty Section 2: The Shang Dynasty Fall of the Shang Dynasty Battles with neighboring states Zhou

The Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties Section 3: The Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties The Zhou Dynasty “Mandate of Heaven” Attacks by outsiders Fighting within

Philosophies of Ancient China Section 4: Philosophies of Ancient China Objectives: Examine why the Chinese valued the concept of balance. Explore what the Chinese philosopher Confucius taught. Analyze how Daoism and Confucianism worked together in Chinese society. Investigate how beliefs such as Legalism and Buddhism influenced Chinese history.

Ancient Chinese Beliefs Section 4: Philosophies of Ancient China Ancient Chinese Beliefs Yin Yang Balance is normal condition

Philosophies of Ancient China Section 4: Philosophies of Ancient China Confucius and Laozi Confucianism – strong but moral government. Relationships. Know your place. (Watch Mulan!) Daoism – nature, harmony, balance

Philosophies of Ancient China Section 4: Philosophies of Ancient China Legalism and Buddhism Legalism in practice – balance between Legalism and Buddhism. Strict laws to control behavior. Buddhism in China – universal charity and compassion

Chinese Life and Culture Section 5: Chinese Life and Culture Objectives: Explain why the family was a central institution in Chinese society. Describe how farmers lived in ancient China. Identify the artistic and scientific achievements of the Chinese.

Chinese Life and Culture Section 5: Chinese Life and Culture Family and Social Life Genealogy Women had few rights and powers Great respect for mothers (of sons…)

Chinese Life and Culture Section 5: Chinese Life and Culture The Economy Small village farmers Qin dynasty standardized currency, weights, and measures

Chinese Life and Culture Section 5: Chinese Life and Culture Arts and Sciences The Five Classics – used to train scholars and civil servants Science and technology – astronomy, seismography, clocks, acupuncture, paper-making, and printing – silk, gunpowder…