Sixth Grade History-Social Science World History and Geography: Ancient Civilizations  Development of humankind  Mesopotamia  Egypt  Hebrews  Greece  India  China  Rome

Prehistoric The time before written language

Lucy  Australopithecus afarensis  Early bones found in Africa - Olduvai Gorge  Proved that early humans walked upright  Discovered by Donald Johanson

Early Hominids Homo habilis Homo habilis - Handy man – tool maker Homo erectus Homo erectus – Upright man – discovered how to control fire Homo sapiens Neanderthalensis Homo sapiens Neanderthalensis – Wise man – found in the Neander Valley in modern Germany – sense of community Homo sapiens sapiens Homo sapiens sapiens – Doubly wise man – early modern humans

Hunting and Gathering  Farming *The transition from hunting and gathering to farming is one of the most important advance people have ever made. *Tools – advanced from simple stone tools to complex metal ones

Early Humans  Early humans sites are found all over the world  Two theories:  Out of Africa  Multicentric

River Valleys  Most early civilizations developed around a river  Tigris and Euphrates  Nile  Indus  Huang He

Agricultural Advancements  Irrigation  Economic Surplus  Division of labor  With the new time, early people were able to create new inventions – plow and writing

Cuneiform  An early form of writing  Developed in Mesopotamia  Scribes were trained to read and write it  Used mostly for trade  Egyptian – hieroglyphics  India - sanskrit

The Code of Hammurabi  One of the first codes of law (1792 – 1750 BCE)  Babylonia  Based on the concept of “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.”  Written on stone pillars (stele) for all to see  The laws applied to all people.

Egyptian and Mesopotamian Architecture Egyptian Pyramids Mesopotamian Ziggurats

Egyptian Leadership  Pharaohs controlled Egypt  Queen Hatshepsut  Promoter of Egyptian Trade  Ramses II (the Great)  Military Leader and Master Builder

Kingdom of Kush Capital was Meroë Ruled Egypt for over100 years Present day Sudan Built their own Pyramids

Abraham – “Father of the Hebrews”  He was a polytheist who devoted his life to one god and became a monotheist  Led his followers (they will come to be called Hebrews) from Mesopotamia to Canaan  Established the beginnings of the religion called Judaism

Moses – Leader and Prophet  He led the Jews out of Egypt back to their homeland.  This event is called the Exodus  On the journey, Moses received the Ten Commandments from his god

Christianity  Jesus of Nazareth  Raised as a Jew  Great teacher and speaker  Sermon on the Mount  Parables  His followers established the religion called Christianity

Greek Democracy  Monarchy  Oligarchy/Aristocracy  Tyranny  Democracy  Pericles – Funeral Oration

City-States: Sparta vs. Athens SpartaAthens Military StateDemocracy Agrarian EconomyTrade Economy Fought each other in the Peloponnesian War.

Greek Architecture

Greek Mythology  Greeks explained their world through their mythology  Trojan Horse  Pandora’s box  Homer  Iliad and Odyssey Zeus Poseidon Hades Ares Athena Apollo

Greek Philosophy  “Love of Wisdom”  Socrates  Encouraged people to question the things they thought they knew.  Plato  Student of Socrates  Aristotle  Student of Plato  Taught Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great *Ruler of a vast empire from Macedonia to India in the 300s BCE. *As he conquered an area, he usually showed respect for the culture and religion of the area *Spread the ideas of the Greeks throughout his empire - Hellenism

Alexander’s Empire

India

Hinduism Dharma – perform one’s duties and so to live as one should Samsara – Reincarnation – cycle of birth, death, and rebirth Karma – the right way to live

Buddhism  Siddhartha Gautama – the Buddha or the “Awakened One”  Discovered that life is suffering – aging, sickness, and death  Moving towards Enlightenment and Nirvana

China - Philosophies  Confucianism: “Lead by example.”  Moderation in conduct and emotion  Respect of elders  Daoism: “If you must rule, rule as little as possible.”  Legalism: “Set clear laws and harshly punish those who disobey them.”

China – Silk Road

Roman Army Disciplined Resourceful Created public works during non war times Building roads Aqueducts Buildings

Rome – Government Etruscan Kings Republic (509 BCE) Patricians Plebeians Julius Caesar (49 BCE) Augustus Caesar First Emperor (37 BCE)

Fall of Rome Economic Problems Inflation Loss of trust in currency Military Problems Romans could no longer pay for soldiers Relied on Germanic warriors Rome is invaded