Building Healthy Relationships and Understanding Sexuality © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

LEARNING OUTCOMES Identify the characteristics of successful relationships, including how to maintain them and overcome common barriers. Discuss ways to improve communication skills and interpersonal interactions. Compare and contrast the different types of committed relationships. Describe the demographic trends related to remaining single. Examine factors that affect the decision of when or whether to have children. Discuss issues that influence the success of an intimate relationship, reasons why relationships end, and how to cope when they do. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

LEARNING OUTCOMES (cont.) Define sexual identity, and discuss its major components, including biology, gender identity, gender roles, and sexual orientation. Identify major features and functions of sexual anatomy and physiology and explain the nature of the human sexual response. Describe the varieties of sexual expression. Classify sexual dysfunctions, and describe major disorders. Discuss the impact of drugs on sexual behavior. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intimate Relationships Intimate relationships are those with family members, close friends, and romantic partners, characterized by Behavioral interdependence Need fulfillment Emotional attachment Emotional availability © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intimate Relationships (cont.) Through relationships, we fulfill our needs for Intimacy Social integration Nurturance Assistance Affirmation People with positive, fulfilling relationships are 50 percent more likely to survive over time than are people in poor relationships. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

How Intimate Is a Relationship? © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Relating to Yourself Two concepts are important to any good relationship. Accountability: both partners are responsible for their own decisions, choices, and actions. Self-nurturance: The development of individual potential through a balanced and realistic appreciation of self-worth and ability Self-esteem and self-acceptance are important factors that affect your ability to nurture yourself and to maintain healthy relationships with others, and include the way you define yourself (self-concept). Your perception and acceptance of yourself influences your relationship choices. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Family Relationships Family is a group of people with roles, tasks, boundaries, and personalities, whose central focus is to protect, care for, love, and socialize with one another. Family of Origin The people present in our household our first years of life—usually parents and siblings From these people we initially learn about feelings, problem solving, love, intimacy, and gender roles. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Friendships People in healthy friendships should do the following: Understand the roles and boundaries within the friendship. Communicate their understandings, needs, expectations, limitations, and affections. Have a sense of equity in which they share confidences and contribute fairly and equally to maintaining the friendship. Consistently try to give as much as they get back from interactions. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Romantic Relationships Romantic relationships typically include all the characteristics of a friendship, as well as Fascination Exclusiveness Sexual desire Giving the utmost Being the champion or advocate © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Theories of Love Anthropologist H. Fisher and others theorize love and attraction are based on brain circuitry and chemistry. Imprinting Attraction Attachment Production of a "cuddle chemical" called oxytocin © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Choosing a Romantic Partner Proximity—being in the same place at the same time Similarities—"opposites attract" usually isn't true Reciprocity—react with mutual regard Physical attraction Men tend to be attracted primarily to youth and beauty. Women tend to be attracted to older mates who are financially stable. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Communicating: A Key to Good Relationships Learning Appropriate Self-Disclosure Get to know yourself. Become more accepting of yourself. Be willing to discuss your sexual history. Choose a safe context for self disclosure. Be thoughtful about self-disclosure via social media. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Communicating: A Key to Good Relationships (cont.) Becoming a Better Listener We listen best when We believe that the message is somehow important and relevant to us. The speaker holds our attention through humor, dramatic effect, use of media, or other techniques. We are in the mood to listen (free of distractions and worries). © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

He Says/She Says © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Communicating: A Key to Good Relationships (cont.) Using Nonverbal Communication Touch Gestures Interpersonal space Facial expression Body language Tone of voice © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Managing Conflict through Communication Identify the problem or issues. Generate several possible solutions. Evaluate the alternative solutions. Decide on the best solution. Implement the solution. Follow up. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Committed Relationships Marriage Monogamy—exclusive sexual involvement with one partner Serial monogamy—a monogamous sexual relationship with one partner before moving on to the next monogamous relationship Open relationships—partners agree that there may be sexual involvement for each person outside of the marriage Cohabitation A relationship in which two unmarried people live with an intimate connection together in the same household Common-law marriage © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Marital Status of the U.S. Population by Sex © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Committed Relationships (cont.) Gay and Lesbian Partnerships The American Community Survey identified 646,000 same-sex couples. Twenty percent of these couples are married. Staying Single Of women aged 20 to 34, 54 percent have never been married according to data from the most recent census. Of men aged 20 to 34, 64 percent remain unmarried. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Choosing Whether to Have Children Relationships change when a couple decides to have children. Resources and attention are split. Existing stressors in a relationship are further accentuated when parenting is added to existing responsibilities. Having a child is not a cure for a bad relationship. Blended families are the most common family unit. Over 28 percent of children were living in families headed by a man or woman alone in 2012. Those other than heterosexual couples are now parenting. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Common Parenting Styles © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

When Relationships Falter Broken relationships usually begin with a change in communication. If a partner changes the amount of time spent together without seeking the understanding of the other, it might be a sign of hidden problems. In troubled relationships, honest and verbal affection can be used to cover up irresponsible or hurtful behavior. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Confronting Couples Issues Jealousy in Relationships An aversive reaction evoked by a real or imagined relationship involving one's partner and a third person Changing Gender Roles Our modern society has very few gender-specific roles. Sharing Power Power dynamics between women and men have shifted. Compared to their husbands, 22 percent of women have higher incomes and 81 percent have a higher or equal education level. Unmet Expectations Partners in healthy relationships can communicate wants and needs and have healthy discussions when things aren't going as planned. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Healthy vs. Unhealthy Relationships © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

When and Why Relationships End Why do relationships end? Reasons include Illness Financial concerns Career problems Personal conflicts Unmet expectations Difference in sexual needs Conflict, negative interactions, and lack of respect © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Coping with Failed Relationships Acknowledge that you've gone through a rough spot. Let go of negative thought patterns. Explore the new person you want to be while reconnecting with your old self. Make a promise to yourself: no new relationship until you have moved past the last one. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Your Sexual Identity: More Than Biology Sexual identity is the recognition of oneself as a sexual being and is determined by a complex interaction of factors. All eggs carry an X chromosome. Sperm carry an X or a Y chromosome. A Y sperm results in a male embryo; an X sperm results in a female embryo. Intersexuality occurs when chromosomes are added, lost, or rearranged, and the sex of the offspring is not clear. Male gonads are the testes; female gonads are the ovaries. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Your Sexual Identity: More Than Biology (cont.) Sex hormones play a major role in puberty. Male hormone—testosterone Female hormone—estrogen, progesterone Pituitary gland—gonadotropin Secondary sex characteristics Gender: The psychological condition of being feminine or masculine as defined by the society in which one lives Gender roles Gender-role stereotyping Androgyny Gender identity Transgendered Transsexual © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sexual Orientation A person's enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectionate attraction to other persons Heterosexual Homosexual Bisexual Gay, lesbian, and bisexual persons are often targets of hate crimes, discrimination, and hostility. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

ABC News Video: Celebrities Coming Out, Casually Discussion Questions How do you feel about knowing intimate details of celebrities' lives? Is our obsession with the personal details of celebrities largely beneficial or negative? Provide examples in your discussion. Discuss how knowing celebrities' personal choices and decisions impact and foster a community of young people who are more accepting of differences. Name two to three historical events that have helped shape the acceptance of LGBTQ individuals in the past 10-15 years. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Female Reproductive System © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology The Onset of Puberty and the Menstrual Cycle Hypothalamus Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology (cont.) Menarche First menstrual period Generally between ages 9 and 17 Body fat influences onset of puberty. Menstrual Cycle Usually 28 days long Proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases Menstrual Problems Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) Dysmenorrhea Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hormonal Control and Phases of the Menstrual Cycle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology Menopause It is the permanent cessation of menstruation. It generally occurs between ages 40 and 60. Menopause is accompanied by decreased vaginal lubrication, hot flashes, headaches, dizziness, and joint pain. Onset symptoms can be ameliorated by hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Results from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) suggest that hormone therapy may actually do more harm than good. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Male Reproductive System © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Human Sexual Response Regardless of the type of sexual activity (partner or self-stimulation), the response stages are the same and include Excitement/arousal—vasocongestion Plateau phase—nipples and penis erect Orgasmic phase—muscles contract Resolution phase—profound relaxation Refractory period—genital organs return to their pre-arousal state Men and women experience the same stages, but length of time spent in any one stage varies. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Expressing Your Sexuality Sexual Behavior: What Is "Normal"? Some common sociocultural standards for sexual behavior commonly held in Western culture today include the following: The coital standard The orgasmic standard The two-person standard The romantic standard The safer sex standard © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Options for Sexual Expression Celibacy—avoidance or abstention from sex Autoerotic behaviors—sexual fantasy and masturbation Kissing and erotic touching—erogenous zones Manual stimulation—use of sex toys Oral-genital stimulation Cunnilingus—oral stimulation of the female's genitals Fellatio—oral stimulation of the male's genitals Vaginal intercourse—insertion of the penis into the vagina Anal intercourse—insertion of the penis into the anus © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Responsible and Satisfying Sexual Behavior Healthy and responsible sexuality includes Good communication as the foundation Acknowledging that you are a sexual person Understanding the sexual structures and their functions Accepting and embracing your gender identity and your sexual orientation © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Variant Sexual Behavior Variant sexual behavior describes sexual behaviors that most people do not engage in. These include Group sex Transvestism Fetishism Exhibitionism Voyeurism Sadomasochism Pedophilia Autoerotic asphyxiation © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Sexual Dysfunction © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sexual Dysfunction The reproductive system, like other body systems, can malfunction. Causes may overlap and can include the following: Biological/medical factors Substance-induced factors Psychological factors Social context factors © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Drugs and Sex Alcohol can inhibit sexual response. An increasing number of young men are experimenting with the recreational use of drugs to treat erectile dysfunction. Viagra Cialis Levitra "Date rape" drugs are a growing concern. Good sex should not depend on chemical substances. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.