Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.1 Standard symbol for a single-phase, iron-cored transformer Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 1 (a) (b)

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.2 Transformer on no load Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 2

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.3 Phasor diagram for a transformer on no load Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 3

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.4 Transformer on load Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 4

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.5 Phasor diagram for a transformer on load Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 5

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.6 Comparison of hysteresis loops Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 6

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.7 Open-circuit test—iron losses Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 7

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.8 Short-circuit test—copper losses Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 8

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.9 Relation between copper and iron losses Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 9

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Path for primary leakage flux (  1 ) Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 10

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Primary and secondary leakage flux paths Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 11

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Relationship between voltage, current and leakage flux Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 12

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Shapes of laminations for single-phase transformers Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 13

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Single-phase transformer cores Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 14

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Toroidal core construction Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 15

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Winding arrangements for single-phase transformers Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 16

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.17(a) Three-phase transformer cores Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 17

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.17(b) Three-phase transformer cores Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 18

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.17(c) Three-phase transformer cores Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 19

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Three-phase transformer with a toroidal core Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 20

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Thermosiphon cooling of a transformer core Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 21

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Three-phase 1000 kVA oil- cooled transformer. The rated input voltage is 33 kV and output voltage is 11 kV Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 22

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.21(a) Method for marking terminals of similar polarity Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 23

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.21(b) Method for marking terminals of similar polarity Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 24

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Connections for parallel operation of two single-phase transformers Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 25

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Circulating current path for two incorrectly phased transformers Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 26

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Terminal identification for single-phase transformer Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 27

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Three-phase core-type transformer: star–star connection Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 28

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Terminal identification for a three-phase transformer with 0 ° phase shift Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 29

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.27(a) Three-phase transformer connections Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 30

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.27(b) Three-phase transformer connections Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 31

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.27(c) Three-phase transformer connections Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 32

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.27(d) Three-phase transformer connections Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 33

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure On-load tap changing Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 34

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Circuit for checking single-phase transformer polarities Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 35

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Open-delta connection on a three-phase supply Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 36

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Standard symbols for instrument transformers. The standard secondary values for full-scale meter readings are also shown Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 37

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Instrument transformers Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 38 (a) Voltage transformer (b) Current transformer

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Instrument transformer connections Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 39

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Multiple transformer secondaries Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 40

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Tapped transformer secondary Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 41

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Autotransformer connections Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 42

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Circuit for examples 14.3 and 14.4 Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 43

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Variable autotransformer Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 44

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.39(a) High-reactance transformer construction Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 45

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 14.39(b) High-reactance transformer construction Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 46

Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure Voltage characteristics of a high-reactance transformer Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 47