Personality, 9e Jerry M. Burger © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo-Freudian Theory, Application, and Assessment Chapter 5 © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Chapter Outline Limits and liabilities of Freudian theory Alfred Adler Carl Jung Erik Erikson Karen Horney © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 3

Chapter Outline Application: Psychoanalytic theory and religion Assessment: Personal narratives Strengths and criticisms of Neo-Freudian theories © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 4

Limits and Liabilities of Freudian Theory Theorists rejected the idea that personality is formed by experiences in the initial years of life Neo-Freudians argued that later experiences are important in shaping personality Freud failed to recognize the importance of social and cultural forces in shaping individual personality © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 5

Limits and Liabilities of Freudian Theory Freudian theories have negative tone and painted a pessimistic and in some ways degrading picture of human nature Propagated that humans are largely controlled by instincts and unconscious forces © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 6

Alfred Adler Developed the approach of individual psychology Contributions to understanding of personality Notion of striving for superiority Role of parental influence on personality development Effects of birth order © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 7

Striving for Superiority Single motivating force that can subsume all other motives Individual’s begin life with feelings of inferiority All individual actions aim to establish a sense of superiority over life’s obstacles Excessive feelings of inferiority lead to inferiority complex Social interest combined with superiority striving indicates mental health of a person © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 8

Parental Influence on Personality Development Parental behaviors that lead to problems in children’s life Pampering Robs the child of independence and adds to feelings of inferiority Neglect - Children who receive little attention from their parents: Grow up cold and suspicious Are incapable of warm personal relationships © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 9

Birth Order Firstborn children Subjected to excessive attention from parents Arrival of second child ends the pampering Strong perception of inferiority Middle-born children Develop a strong superiority striving Highest achievers Try hard to catch up with their older siblings Last-born children Pampered throughout their childhood Vulnerable to strong inferiority feelings © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 10

Carl Jung First president of the International Psychoanalytic Association Disagreement with Freud’s theory, resulted in resignation from the association in 1914 Established analytic psychology © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 11

Collective Unconscious Part of unconscious mind Constitutes of t houghts, images, and psychic characteristics that are difficult to bring into awareness Never repressed out of consciousness People inherit unconscious psychic characteristics Made up of primordial images Referred as archetypes © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 12

Archetypes Anima - Feminine side of the male Animus - Masculine side of the female Anima and animus guide the selection of a romantic partner and the course of the subsequent relationship Shadow - Negative side of personality Located partly in both personal and collective unconscious © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 13

Evidence for the Collective Unconscious Does not consist of hard data from rigorous laboratory experiments Is based on examination of mythology, cultural symbols, dreams, and the statements of schizophrenics It is argued that collective unconscious is same for everyone © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 14

Erik Erikson Believed that ego is a relatively powerful, independent part of personality Ego psychology - Erikson’s approach to personality Principal function of the ego is to establish and maintain a sense of identity Identity crisis - Confusion and despair we feel when we lack a strong sense of who we are © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 15

Personality Development Throughout the Life Cycle Erikson’s stages of personality development continue from infancy to old age Crises - Turning points encountered by people in personality development Provides two directions in which to proceed How a person resolves a crisis determines the direction of his/her personality development © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 16

Figure 5.1 - Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 17

Basic Trust Versus Mistrust Child whose needs are met develops a sense of basic trust Infants who never receive the loving care they need develops a sense of basic mistrust © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 18

Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt Autonomy - Allowing children to manipulate and control what they encounter People with a sense of autonomy are confident Over protection of children hinders development and lead to shame and doubt Children become dependent on others © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 19

Initiative Versus Guilt Children who: Organize and participate in social activities develop a sense of initiative Lack initiative feel guilt and resignation © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 20

Industry Versus Inferiority Industry - Belief in one’s strengths and abilities Develops when children experience success Inferiority - Lack of appreciation for one’s talents and skills Develops when children encounter failure © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 21

Identity Versus Role Confusion People with a sense of identity make decisions about personal values and religious questions Failing to develop a strong sense of identity leads to role confusion © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 22

Intimacy Versus Isolation Young people search for special relationship to develop intimacy and grow emotionally People who fail to develop intimacy face emotional isolation © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 23

Generativity Versus Stagnation Middle aged individuals develop a concern for guiding the next generation Parents raise their children Adults without children play an active role in raising nieces and nephews Adults who fail to develop sense of generativity suffer from a sense of stagnation © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 24

Ego Integrity Versus Despair People who: Look back on their lives with satisfaction develop a sense of integrity Fail to develop a sense of integrity fall into despair and express contempt for others © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 25

Karen Horney Studied Freud’s work and taught psychoanalysis Founded American Institute for Psychoanalysis Important contributions Neurosis and feminine psychology © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 26

Neurosis Neurotic - People who are trapped in a self- defeating interpersonal style Prevents people from developing the social contact they unconsciously crave Destructive interpersonal style is a defense mechanism to ward off feelings of anxiety Arises due to disturbed interpersonal relationships during childhood © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 27

Neurosis Interaction styles adopted by neurotics to avoid anxiety-provoking experiences Moving toward people Moving against people Moving away from people © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 28

Feminine Psychology Introduced the concept of womb envy Men envy women’s ability to bear and nurse children Men compensate their inability to have children through achievement in other domains In a society where men and women are free to become whatever they desire girls would not want to be boys, or vice versa © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 29

Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion Freud’s perspective Religious behavior represents a form of neurosis Religion is a type of collective wish fulfilment God is an unconscious father figure generated to provide feelings of security © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 30

Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion Jung’s perspective Religion provides sense of purpose and security People across cultures inherit a God archetype in collective unconscious People seek psychotherapy when religion fails to provide reassurance Modern religions have developed practices to provide assurance Confession, absolution, and forgiveness © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 31

Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion Erich Fromm’s perspective People turn to the powerful authority of church to escape a sense of powerlessness and loneliness Authoritarian religions - People are under the control of a powerful God Deny people their personal identity Humanistic religions - God is a symbol of our own power Provide an opportunity for personal growth © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 32

Personality Assessment Personal narratives: Narration of one’s own life story, that requires describing turning point scenes from one’s life Interviews are recorded and transcribed Judges code stories according to preset criteria Scores tend to be consistent over time Accuracy of the story and selective remembering of scenes by participants draws criticism © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 33

Personality Assessment Generativity and life stories Personal narratives are useful for studying Erik Erikson’s stages of personality development Research indicates that number of stories reflecting generativity theme increased during the midlife decades Stories from highly generative adults contain: Increased themes about friendship, sharing, affiliation, and nurturance © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 34

Strengths and Criticisms of Neo-Freudian Theories Elaboration of vital concepts ignored by Freud Identification of social factors that influence the formation and change of personality Optimistic and flattering picture of humankind Introduction of new concepts like identity crises, introverts, and inferiority complexes Criticisms Neo-Freudian theories are supported with questionable evidence Oversimplified or ignored important concepts © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5 - 35