Production Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Wikipedia “Maize” page; accessed 6-XI-2014 [By en:User:Pratheepps.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Advertisements

Productivity. PRODUCTIVITY is production per unit time. energy per unit area per unit time (J m -2 yr -1 ) Or biomass added per unit area per.

LECTURE NO 4  The general term "Production" is the creation of new organic matter. The process of photosynthesis converts light energy into energy stored.

Individual organism: How do structure, physiology, and behavior lead to the individual’s survival and reproduction? Population: What determines the number.

Island Biogeography. Dan Simberloff and Mangrove Islands.

The Flow of Energy: Primary Production

ECOLOGY Primary Production and Energy Flow How do I become more productive?

Primary Production. 1.Ecosystem concepts Production is the rate at which energy (or organic matter) is captured biochemically per unit surface area per.

CHAPTER 54 ECOSYSTEMS Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Section B: Primary Production in Ecosystems 1.An ecosystem’s.

Ecosystem Production Objectives  Describe the concept of the ecosystem  Relate the laws of thermodynamics to ecology  Define the types of ecological.

Ch Define Ch. 55 Terms: Autotroph Heterotroph Detritivore

Plant Ecology - Chapter 14 Ecosystem Processes. Ecosystem Ecology Focus on what regulates pools (quantities stored) and fluxes (flows) of materials and.

ENERGY PATTERNS OF ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS. WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR? Ecosystems Biotic and abiotic components Energy and nutrients Energy transformed.

Ecosystem ecology studies the flow of energy and materials through organisms and the physical environment as an integrated system. a population reproduction.

Ecosystems. What is an Ecosystem? All the organisms living in a community (biotic) and all the abiotic factors that they interact with. Ecosystems receive.

Chapter 54 Ecosystems. Ecosystem: Overview An ecosystem consists of –All the organisms living in a community – all the abiotic factors with which they.

OUR Ecological Footprint The hierarchical nature and processes of different levels of ecological systems:

WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM? Community + all abiotic factors affecting “Ecosystem” first proposed by Arthur Tansley Boundaries not fixed Energy flows Cycle nutrients.

Ecosystem Productivity. Assessment Statements 2.5.2: Describe photosynthesis and respiration in terms of inputs, outputs and energy transformations :

Productivity Photosynthesis & Respiration

Chapter 54 Ecosystems. An ecosystem consists of all the organisms living in a community as well as all the abiotic factors with which they interact Ecosystems.

1 Primary Production and Energy Flow Chapter 18 NEVER FORGET!!! ENERGY FLOWS: solar (or nuclear) input heat output NUTRIENTS RECYCLE: mass conservation.

Ecosystems. Ecosystem Ecology Ecosystem ecology is the study of how energy and materials are used in natural systems.

 Explain the role of producers, consumers, and decomposers in the ecosystem.  Describe photosynthesis and respiration in terms of inputs,

Ecosystems and the Biosphere Ecology Unit Newark Academy Summer Session 2014 Advanced Credit Biology Monkemeier.

Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling.

MonthDayTopic Nov.8Individuals to populations 10Holiday! 13Populations to communities 15Community patterns 17Ecosystems 20Film-1 st showing 22Film-2 nd.

In groups define/ discuss the following words Habitat Population Community ecosystem Producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers decomposers Along.

Ecosystem Ecology. Raymond Lindeman Sir Arthur Tansley.

Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work? Chapter 3.

ECOSYSTEMS AND ENERGY FLOW CH 55 Energy flows through ecosystems while matter cycles through ecosystems.

Productivity. Assessment Standards 2.5.5: Define the terms gross productivity, net primary productivity, and secondary productivity : Define the.

1 UIUC ATMOS 397G Biogeochemical Cycles and Global Change Lecture 18: Nitrogen Cycle Don Wuebbles Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Illinois,

ECOSYSTEMS All of the organisms living in a community and the abiotic factors with which they interact. “global ecosystem” Energy flows Nutrients cycle.

10-2 NOTES: ENERGY TRANSFER PP In an ecosystem energy flows: Sun  autotrophs  heterotrophs producers consumers.

OUR Ecological Footprint The hierarchical nature and processes of different levels of ecological systems:

Ecosystem Productivity

Ecosystem all the organisms living in a community, ___ _______________.

1 Ecosystems Chapter 54. What you need to know How energy flows through the ecosystem The difference between gross primary productivity and net primary.

Ecology Unit Part 3: Energy Transfer. All organism need energy to carry out essential functions –For example: growth, movement, maintenance & repair,

The Living World: Ecosystems

Ch. 55 Warm-Up Define Ch. 55 Terms:

Ecosystems Chapter 42.

Global Carbon Budget. Global Carbon Budget of the carbon dioxide emitted from anthropogenic sources) -Natural sinks of carbon dioxide are the land.

Chapter 18 Section 3 Energy Transfer.

Ecology: Ecosystems Chapter 55.

3-2 Energy flow Photo Credit: ©Bruce Coleman, LTD/Natural Selection.

Energy and Ecosystems Lecture 03.

Ch. 41 Warm-Up Define Ch. 42 Terms:

Chapter 42: Ecosystems and Energy

Ecosystems and Energy Structure

What is Productivity? Amount of solar energy provided to an ecosystem

Ch. 54 Warm-Up Define Ch. 54 Terms:

Ch. 41 Warm-Up Define Ch. 42 Terms:

Ch. 55 Warm-Up Define Ch. 55 Terms:

Radjewski – Ecology Unit’ AP Biology

Ch. 55 Warm-Up Define Ch. 55 Terms:

Ch. 55 Warm-Up Define Ch. 55 Terms:

Ch. 55 Warm-Up Define Ch. 55 Terms:

Energy Flow in an Ecosystem

Ecology Biosphere.

Production Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Wikipedia “Maize” page; accessed 6-XI-2014 [By en:User:Pratheepps.

Chapter 42: Ecosystems and Energy

Chapter 54: Ecosystems.

Ch. 55 Warm-Up Define Ch. 55 Terms:

Chapter 42: Ecosystems and Energy

Presentation transcript:

Production Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Wikipedia “Maize” page; accessed 6-XI-2014 [By en:User:Pratheepps [CC-BY-SA-2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons] Photos from Wikimedia Commons & http://www.deere.com/en_US/products/equipment/frontier_implements/ livestock_and_equine_equipment/manure_spreaders/manure_spreaders.page

Ecosystem Ecology Ecosystem – all the organisms and the physical environment of a given place, including energy flow and nutrient cycling (coined by Sir Arthur G. Tansley) Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Photo of Tansley from http://wiley-vch.e-bookshelf.de/products/reading-epub/product-id/595067/title/ Shaping%2BEcology.html?autr=%22Peter+G.+Ayres%22

Gross Primary Production (GPP) Total amount of C fixation by autotrophs into energy-rich molecules Photoautotrophic (i.e., use photosynthesis) Marine microalgae Marine macroalgae Terrestrial angiosperms Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Wikipedia “Algae” page; accessed 6-XI-2014 [By Photo by NEON ja, colored by Richard Bartz (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons] Wikipedia “Seaweed” page; accessed 6-XI-2014 [By User:Stemonitis (Wikipedia en:Fucus_serratus.jpg) [CC-BY-SA-2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons] Wikipedia “Maple” page; accessed 6-XI-2014 [By Bruce Marlin [CC-BY-SA-2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons] Photos from Wikimedia Commons

Gross Primary Production (GPP) Total amount of C fixation by autotrophs into energy-rich molecules Chemoautotrophic (i.e., use chemosynthesis) Marine hydrothermal vent archaea & bacteria Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Wikipedia “Hydrothermal vent” page; accessed 6-XI-2014 [By NOAA [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons] Photos from Wikimedia Commons

Net Primary Production Amount of energy captured by autotrophs that contributes to biomass All living plant (or other autotroph) tissues respire (autotrophic respiration = AR); so some captured energy is unavailable to produce biomass NPP = GPP – AR Aboveground NPP & Belowground NPP Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Wikipedia “Maple” page; accessed 6-XI-2014 [By Bruce Marlin [CC-BY-SA-2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons] Photo from Wikimedia Commons

Net Ecosystem Production or Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. NEE = GPP – AR – HR If NEE > 0, then C sink If NEE < 0, then C source Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 20.8

Aboveground NPP Varies as a function of Leaf Area Index (LAI) and position within leaf layers Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Light is an important limiting factor to NPP. Note that NPP would be very low in a monolayer of leaves relative to this example with 15 layers (since total NPP would be the sum of the whole stack). Larcher, W. 1980. Physiological Plant Ecology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 20.4, after Larcher (1980) Physiological Plant Ecology

Limitation of Primary Production Water & Temperature Key variables controlling global variation in terrestrial NPP Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Schuur, E. A. G. 2003. Productivity and global climate revisited: The sensitivity of tropical forest growth to precipitation. Ecology 84:1165-1170. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 20.11, after Schuur (2003) Ecology

Limitation of Primary Production CO2 & Nutrients (e.g., N, P, K, micronutrients) Alpine nutrient-addition experiment Dry meadow N & N+P increased biomass Subordinate plants increased Wet meadow P, N & N+P increased biomass Dominant plants increased Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Bowman, W. D., T. A. Theodose, J. C. Schardt & R. T. Conant. 1993. Constraints of nutrient availability on primary production in two alpine communities. Ecology 74:2085-2098. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 20.13, after Bowman et al. (1993) Ecology

Limitation of Primary Production CO2 & Nutrients (e.g., N, P, K, micronutrients) Lake nutrient-addition experiment P, N & C addition (far section of lake) caused a massive cyanobacteria bloom Whereas N & C addition alone (near section of lake) did not Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Schindler, D. W. 1974. Eutrophication and recovery in experimental lakes: Implications for lake management. Science 184:897-899. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 20.16, after Schindler (1974) Science

Limitation of Primary Production Salt marsh nutrient-addition experiment “Nutrient levels commonly associated with coastal eutrophication increased above-ground leaf biomass...” Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Deegan, Linda A. et al. 2012. Coastal eutrophication as a driver of salt marsh loss. Nature 490:388-392. TIDE experiment photos from Deegan et al. (2012) Nature

Limitation of Primary Production “In nutrient-enriched marshes, smooth cordgrass allocated less photosynthate to nutrient-gathering roots and storage rhizomes, resulting in a third less total below-ground biomass and a lower root:shoot ratio...” Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Deegan, Linda A. et al. 2012. Coastal eutrophication as a driver of salt marsh loss. Nature 490:388-392. TIDE experiment photos from Deegan et al. (2012) Nature

Limitation of Primary Production “Plants tend to allocate the most NPP to those tissues that acquire the resources that most limit their growth” i.e., nutrient addition shifts nutrient limitation to light limitation Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Deegan, Linda A. et al. 2012. Coastal eutrophication as a driver of salt marsh loss. Nature 490:388-392. TIDE experiment photos from Deegan et al. (2012) Nature; quote from Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), pg. 453

Limitation of Primary Production “Alterations in these key ecosystem properties reduced geomorphic stability, resulting in creek-bank collapse…” Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Deegan, Linda A. et al. 2012. Coastal eutrophication as a driver of salt marsh loss. Nature 490:388-392. TIDE experiment photos from Deegan et al. (2012) Nature

Limitation of Primary Production “Current nutrient loading rates to many coastal ecosystems have overwhelmed the capacity of marshes to remove nitrogen without deleterious effects…” Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Deegan, Linda A. et al. 2012. Coastal eutrophication as a driver of salt marsh loss. Nature 490:388-392. TIDE experiment photos from Deegan et al. (2012) Nature

Global Pattern of Terrestrial Chlorophyll Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) – calculated from satellite measurements of reflectance in red and infrared wavelengths Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Wikipedia “Normalized Difference Vegetation Index” page; accessed 10-III-2015 [“Globalndvi tmo 200711 lrg" by NASA images produced by Reto Stockli and Jesse Allen, using data provided by the MODIS Land Science Team. Caption by Michon Scott. - http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=8622. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Globalndvi_tmo_200711_lrg.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Globalndvi_tmo_200711_lrg.jpg”] Image from Wikimedia Commons

Global Pattern of Terrestrial NPP Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 20.7

Global Pattern of Marine NPP Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 20.10

Global Pattern of NPP NPP patterns coincide with patterns of climate and upwelling High terrestrial NPP in warm, wet tropics Lower terrestrial NPP in dry (30) latitudes & cold, high (>60) latitudes Highest marine NPP in mid-latitude zones of nutrient-rich upwelling Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Field, C. et al. 1998. Primary productivity of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science 281:237-240. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 20.18, after Field et al. (1998) Science

Net Secondary Production NSP = ingestion – respiration – egestion (losses via urine & feces) NSP becomes heterotrophic biomass Most NSP in most ecosystems occurs in detritivores (especially bacteria & fungi) Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Wikipedia “Decomposition” page; accessed 6-XI-2014 [Andrew Dunn, http://www.andrewdunnphoto.com/ [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons] Video from Wikimedia Commons – “A decaying peach over a period of six days. Each frame is approximately 12 hours apart, as the fruit shrivels and becomes covered with mold.”