Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Sociology 9th Edition Chapter 12: Marriage and Family Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Overview Marriage and Family in Global Perspective Marriage and Family in Theoretical Perspective The Family Life Cycle Diversity in U.S. Families Trends in U.S. Families Divorce and Remarriage Two Sides of Family Life The Future of Marriage and Family Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Family Defined “A family consists of people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption.” Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. What is a family? Nuclear Family – husband, wife, and their immediate children Extended Family – nuclear family plus grandparents, cousins and other relatives living in the same household or nearby Family of Orientation – family a person grows up in Family of Procreation – family formed when a couple has their first child Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Mate Selection Each human group establishes norms to govern who marries whom. Endogamy: members of the group must marry within their group Exogamy: people must marry outside of their group Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Descent and Authority Societies around the world trace descent in various ways: Patrilineal – father’s side Matrilineal – mother’s side Bilineal – father’s and mother’s side Patriarchy-a social system in which men dominate women Matriarchy-women dominate men as a group Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Functionalist Perspective The family is universal because it fulfills certain functions including: sexual control, socialization, care of the sick and aged, recreation, economic production Talcott Parsons (1950) stated that men fulfill the instrumental role and women fulfill the expressive role in the family The incest taboo helps families to avoid role confusion Dysfunctions include: incest, abuse, and divorce Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Conflict Perspective The family is a reflection of the patriarchal society in which many societies live There are many dual earner families today but women still pull the “second shift” (Hoschild) leaving many women dissatisfied with their marriage The balance between power in marriages has led to the rising divorce rate Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 12.1 Who Makes the Decisions at Home? Note: Based on a nationally representative sample, with questions on who chooses weekend activities, buys things for the home, decides what to watch on television, and manages household finances. Source: Morin and Cohn 2008. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Jesse Bernard – husbands and wives “see” their marriages in different lights which causes a lot of dissatisfaction Looks at the meaning of housework Looks at how the definition of family, marriage, and divorce has changed over the past 50 years Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Family Life Cycle Romantic love is the basis for marriages in the U.S. but is not necessarily the basis for marriages throughout the world (i.e., arranged marriages) Marriage in the U.S. is based on homogamy (similar characteristics) Polygamy is practiced in certain parts of the world whereas monogamy is the norm in the U.S. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Rearing Mothers tend to take on the majority of the child rearing tasks in a married couple ¼ children are in day care and few provide quality services Differences can occur when it comes to social class and child rearing Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 12.5 Who Takes Care of Preschoolers While Their Mothers Are at Work? aIncludes day care centers, nursery schools, preschools, and Head Start programs. bIncludes in-home babysitters and other nonrelatives providing care in either the child’s or the provider’s home. cIncludes self-care and no regular arrangements. Source: America’s Children 2005:Table POP8.B. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Family Transitions Marital satisfaction tends to follow a U curve Marital satisfaction is at its highest points when couples first get married and at the retirement stage Marital satisfaction decreases with the arrival of the first child During the empty nest stage satisfaction increases 42 % of children ages 24-29 are still living at home today and are often referred to as “the boomerang generation” Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity in U.S. Families African American Families – Middle Class African American families focus on achievements and responsibility Least likely to be headed by married couples and most likely to be headed by women Latino Families – families differ by country of origin Machismo is decreasing with every generation Asian Families – have retained Confucian values Two parent families are common Native American Families – Elders play a strong role in the child’s development Variations among tribes Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity in U.S. Families Single-Parent Families – the number of single parent families, especially headed by women, has increased in large numbers since 1950. Families Without Children – married couples who are making the decision not to have any children has increased. The biggest reason is freedom from responsibility. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 12.6 Family Structure: U.S. Families with Children Under Age 18 Headed by Mothers, Fathers, and Both Parents Sources: By the author. For Native Americans, Kreider and Elliott 2009:Table 1. For other groups, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009:Table 69. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity in U.S. Families Blended Families – families whose members were once part of other families. This number has risen as divorce rates have increased. Gay and Lesbian families with and without children has increased in recent years and some states have now legalized marriage Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Trends in U.S. Families Postponing Marriage and Childbirth – the average age of first time grooms is now 29 and for first time brides is 27, an increase of 5 years since 1950. This average age of first time mothers is now about 29. Cohabitation – 2/3 of marriage couples have lived together before they got married. The studies of cohabitating couples and marital success are not positive. Unmarried mothers –this refers to mothers in cohabitative relationships and has risen along with cohabitation. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 12.9 When Do Americans Marry? The Changing Age at First Marriage Note: This is the median age at first marriage. The broken lines indicate the author’s estimate. Source: By the author. Based on U.S. Census Bureau 2009:Table MS-2. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 12.8 What Percentage of U.S. Married Women Never Give Birth? Source: By the author. Based on women ages 40–44 in Dye 2008. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Trends in U.S. Families Grandparents as Parents – more grandparents are fulfilling the parental role as more parents are working Sandwich Generation – families who are taking care of their children and their parents at the same time; often this responsibility is taken on by the daughter’s Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Divorce Divorce rates rose between 1950 and 1980 and since then the numbers have leveled off Divorce has increased because of: changing norms, less stigma, and governmental policies The effects of divorce on children are varied Serial Fatherhood – fathers who keep in contact with their children for about a year after a divorce, get remarried, and refocus their attention to the “new” family Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 12.13 What Percentage of Americans Are Divorced? *Author’s estimate Note: This figure shows the percentage who are divorced and have not remarried, not the percentage who have ever divorced. Only these racial–ethnic groups are listed in the source. The source only recently added data on Asian Americans. Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 1995:Table 58; 2010:Table 57. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 12.12 The “Where” of U.S. Divorce Note: Data for California, Georgia, Hawaii, Indiana, and Louisiana, based on the earlier editions in the source, have been decreased by the average decrease in U.S. divorce. Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 1995:Table 149; 2002:Table 111; 2009:Table 123. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Remarriage Most people who get divorced will remarry within three years. If children are brought into the remarriage divorce is likely The biggest problem, according to step-parents, is discipline Boundary ambiguity can lead to problems in blended families Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 28

Two Sides of Family Life Child Abuse – the majority of victims are children under the age of six The most common form of child abuse is neglect Other forms of child abuse are emotional and physical abuse Spousal Abuse – more men than women are the perpetrators of spousal abuse Women stay in abusive relationships for various reasons including: lack of resources, fear of retaliation, salvation ethnic, blaming themselves Police response to abuse has changed in recent years Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Bright Side of Successful Marriages Studies of couples that have been married for 50 years indicate that there are several reasons for lasting happiness: Thinking of their spouse as their best friend They laugh together They share the same goals Think of marriage as being sacred Think of marriage as a long-term commitment Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Future of Marriage and Family No Danger of Becoming a Relic Cohabitation, Single Mothers, Age at Marriage, Grandparents as Parents will Increase Equality in Marriage not on Horizon Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.