11-2 Goodness-of-Fit In this section, we consider sample data consisting of observed frequency counts arranged in a single row or column (called a one-way frequency table). We will use a hypothesis test for the claim that the observed frequency counts agree with some claimed distribution, so that there is a good fit of the observed data with the claimed distribution.

Definition A goodness-of-fit test is used to test the hypothesis that an observed frequency distribution fits (or conforms to) some claimed distribution.

Notation O represents the observed frequency of an outcome, found from the sample data. E represents the expected frequency of an outcome, found by assuming that the distribution is as claimed. k represents the number of different categories or cells. n represents the total number of trials. Goodness-of-Fit Test

Goodness-of-Fit Hypotheses and Test Statistic Critical Values 1. Found in Table A-4 using k – 1 degrees of freedom, where k = number of categories. 2. Goodness-of-fit hypothesis tests are always right- tailed.

Finding Expected Frequencies If all expected frequencies are assumed equal: If all expected frequencies are assumed not equal:

A close agreement between observed and expected values will lead to a small value of χ 2 and a large P-value. (Do Not Reject Ho.) A large disagreement between observed and expected values will lead to a large value of χ 2 and a small P-value. A significantly large value of χ 2 will cause a rejection of the null hypothesis of no difference between the observed and the expected. (Reject Ho) Goodness-of-Fit Test

Goodness- Of-Fit Tests

.. Example A random sample of 100 weights of Californians is obtained, and the last digit of those weights are summarized on the next slide. When obtaining weights, it is extremely important to actually measure the weights rather than ask people to self-report them. By analyzing the last digit, we can verify the weights were actually measured since reported weights tend to be rounded to something ending with a 0 or a 5. Test the claim that the sample is from a population of weights in which the last digits do not occur with the same frequency.

.. Example - Continued

.. The hypotheses can be written as: No significance level was specified, so we select α = 0.05.

.. Example - Continued The calculation of the test statistic is given:

.. Example - Continued The test statistic is χ 2 = and the critical value is χ 2 = (Table A-4).

.. Example - Continued Since the = > = we have SE to reject and support. We conclude there is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the last digits do not occur with the same relative frequency. In other words, we have evidence that the weights were self-reported by the subjects, and the subjects were not actually weighed.