Improving Water Use Efficiency (WUE) under rainfed Condition with conservation agriculture Hatem Cheikh M’hamed (INRAT) and Houcine Angar (INGC)

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Presentation transcript:

Improving Water Use Efficiency (WUE) under rainfed Condition with conservation agriculture Hatem Cheikh M’hamed (INRAT) and Houcine Angar (INGC)

Definition and principles of conservation agriculture Conservation agriculture (CA) is become an universal way to achieve sustainable and profitable agriculture and subsequently aims to improve livelihoods of smallholders farmers and environment through the application of three principles: i) Minimum soil disturbance, ii) Permanent soil cover and iii) Crop diversification.

 CA principles (Permanent soil cover) allow to increase water infiltration and to reduce in water evaporation and erosion (Ma et al. 2006).  CA based on no tillage system and crop residue retention gives positive control of surface water (Bachmann and Friedrich 2003) and increase plant available water in arid and semi-arid rainfed agriculture, and may lead to enhanced water use efficiency (WUE) by crops.  CA based on no tillage system alters the partitioning of the water balance, decreasing soil evaporation and increasing transpiration, infiltration and deep percolation, leading to increased yields and WUE (Wang et al. 2004). Improve WUE and crop resilience

C.A. Projects in Tunisia : Integrated Rural and Agricultural Development Project (PDARI): SILIANA et KEF (semi-arid) : FFEM Project: Pilot Farms playing an extension role (extension to sub-humid Zones) : Project to support CA Development (PADAC): INGC, ESAK et APAD / AFD-FFEM : Project of Direct Seeding extension for Smallholder farmers (AAAID): Governorates of Siliana, Bizerte and Kef : Adapting Conservation Agriculture for Rapid Adoption by Smallholder Farmers in North Africa (CANA project)/ICARDA- ACIAR : Integrated Crop-Livestock Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Intensification of Cereal-based Systems in North Africa and Central Asia (CLCA)/ ICARDA-IFAD

Cropping Season Area (ha) C.A. Development Phases in Tunisia Phase I Experimentation Phase II Consolidation Phase III Consolidation and dissemination

Adoption Survey INGC/ESAKef, Farmers and Compagnies 70% of them had their Own Zero_Till Drillers (84 ZTD) Farmers with their own Zero_till Drillers, 39 % S.A.U is under Zero_till 25 Farmers have given up (Difficulty of Access to Zero_till Drills)

Adoption Survey INGC/ESAKef, 2009 Bioclimatic Spread of Zero_Tillage Area

Effect of CA on soil moisture

Results (experimental station)

Experimental station Sidi Ahmed Essalah /Kef ( 420 mm) INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC

3.5% Humidité INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC

3% 1% 3% INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC

2003/2004 INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC

2007/2008 Experimental station ESA-Kef ( 380 mm) INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC

15 – 30 cm 45 – 60 cm AC Durum wheat/ Barley 2008/ – 45 cm 0 – 15 cm CoA INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC

Results (On farm trials)

Krib/Siliana (480 mm), 10 years under CA INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC

2/2005 Pois 3/2005Pois 4/2005Pois INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC

Infiltration rate increased under CA Yields increased under CA system INGC/ESAK, projet PADAC

Effect of CA on WUE

 Experiment was carried out on farm located 30 km from Tunis, Tunisia (36° 36' 37,3'' N Lat, 10° 0,8' 30,7'' E Long, 65 m asl), during three cropping seasons (2007/2008, 2008/2009 and 2009/2010). Climate is semi-arid and the annual rainfall average is about 400 mm. Soil had a clay texture with 180 mm m -1 total available water. Biennial rotation was tested [Durum wheat/ Durum wheat (W/W), Durum wheat/ Faba bean (W/F)]. Methodology

Soil water balance and crop water uptake was determined At the harvest, the TDM and yields compound of durum wheat were determined. - Biological Water Use Efficiency (WUE-b) = Total dry matter/ETR (kg/ha/mm) - Grain Water Use Efficiency (WUE-g) = Grain yield/ETR (kg/ha/mm) An analysis of variance for all measured parameters was made, using Statistical Analysis System software (SAS, 1985). Measurement

Cropping season TreatmentGrain yield (kg/ha) TDM (kg/ha) WUE-g (kg/ha/mm) WUE-b (kg/ha/mm) W/W W/F CA CoA LSD (0.05) 2800 a 3100 a 2600 b 3300 b a 7500 a 6300 b 7950 b a 8.15 a 6.19 b 7.85 b a a b 8.92 b CA CoA LSD (0.05) 3200 a 3420 a 3000 b 3460 a a 8050 a 7250 b 8100 b a 8.50 a 6.66 b 7.55 b a a b b CA CoA LSD (0.05) 3050 a 3430 a 2980 a 3640 a a 8080 a 7280 a 8250 a a 8.09 a 6.52 b 7.82 a a a b 7.93 b Results Cheikh M’hamed H., et al., 2014 (WCCA/Canada)