Lecture Overview Studying Psychological Disorders: Childhood Disorders (ADHD; Autism) Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenia ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Studying Psychological Disorders Abnormal Behavior: patterns of emotion, thought, & action considered pathological for one or more of four reasons: statistical infrequency disability or dysfunction personal distress violation of norms ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Studying Psychological Disorders: Four Criteria for Abnormal Behavior ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Culture-General Symptoms: shared symptoms across cultures ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Studying Psychological Disorders (Continued) Historical perspectives: –In ancient times, people believed demons were the cause of abnormal behavior, & boring holes in the skull (trephining) allowed evil spirits to escape. –In the 19 th Century the medical model of psychiatric diseases began to take hold. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Studying Psychological Disorders (Continued) Modern psychology includes seven major perspectives on abnormal behavior. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Studying Psychological Disorders: Classifying Abnormal Behavior Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR): provides detailed symptom descriptions contains over 200 diagnostic categories grouped into 17 major categories & five dimensions (or axes) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Studying Psychological Disorders: Classifying Abnormal Behavior (Cont.) Five Axes of DSM-IV-TR (guidelines for making decisions about symptoms) Axis I (current clinical disorders) Axis II (personality disorders & mental retardation) Axis III (general medical information) Axis IV (psychosocial & environmental problems) Axis V (global assessment of functioning) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Key Points: 1)Differential Diagnoses 2)People with psychiatric diagnoses also commonly suffer comorbidity with Substance-related disorders ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Historically called Minimal Brain Damage or Dysfunction (MBD) ; Attention Deficit with or without Hyperactivity (ADD, ADD+ H). Problems with Diagnoses? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

DSM-IV (TR) Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder A. Persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more severe than is typically observed in individuals at comparable level of development. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

C. Some impairment from the symptoms must be present in at least two settings. D. There must be clear evidence of interference with developmentally appropriate social, academic or occupational functioning. E. ADHD primarily hyperactive ADHD primarily inattentive ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Deficits in Executive Function: Wisconsin Card Sort Test ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Stroop Test: BLUE RED GREEN ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

ADHD results in Problems of Executive Function: Planning Working Memory ** Sustaining Attention Resisting Distraction Organizing Stopping and Starting Behavior ** remembering so as to do ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Pervasive Developmental Disorders Autism High- functioning Low-functioning Asperger’s Syndrome ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Autistic children have deficits in: Social interaction (Theory of Mind) Language and communication Imaginative play Range of interest and activity ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Asperger’s Syndrome in children produces: Odd language (stilted prosody) Deficit in social interaction Fixation in interest Diagnosed later than Autism; fewer severe behavior problems ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorder: overwhelming apprehension & fear accompanied by autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal Five Major Types: 1.Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2.Panic Disorder 3.Phobias 4.Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 5.Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Five Types of Anxiety Disorders 1.Generalized Anxiety Disorder: persistent, uncontrollable, & free-floating anxiety 2.Panic Disorder: sudden & inexplicable panic attacks ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Anxiety Disorders (Continued) 3. Phobia: intense, irrational fear & avoidance of a specific object or situation 4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): intrusive, repetitive, fearful thoughts (obsessions), with urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic, behaviors (compulsions), or both ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Anxiety Disorders (Continued) 5. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): anxiety disorder following extraordinary stress ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Explanations of Anxiety Disorders Psychological--faulty cognitions, maladaptive learning Biological--evolution, genetics, brain functioning, biochemistry Sociocultural—environmental stressors, cultural socialization ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Mood Disorders Mood Disorders: characterized by extreme disturbances in emotional states Two Main Types of Mood Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder: long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Bipolar Disorder: repeated episodes of mania & depression ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Mood Disorders (Continued) Note how major depressive disorders differ from bipolar disorders on this hypothetical graph. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Explanations of Mood Disorders –Biological--brain functioning, neurotransmitter imbalances, genetics –Psychosocial--environmental stressors, disturbed interpersonal relationships, faulty thinking, poor self- concept, learned helplessness, faulty attributions ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Mood Disorders (Continued) Gender & Cultural Diversity: –Culture-general symptoms for depression (e.g., sad affect, lack of energy) –Women more often depressed. Why? Combination of biological, psychological, & social forces (biopsychosocial model) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Social Psychological Biological

Schizophrenia Schizophrenia: group of psychotic disorders, characterized by a general loss of contact with reality Five areas of major disturbance: 1.Perception (hallucinations) 2.Language (word salad, neologisms) 3.Thoughts (psychosis, delusions) 4.Emotion (exaggerated or flat affect) 5.Behavior [unusual actions (e.g., catalepsy, waxy flexibility)] ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Subtypes of Schizophrenia ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Schizophrenia (Continued) Explanations of Schizophrenia: –Biological: genetic predisposition, disruptions in neurotransmitters, brain abnormalities –Psychosocial: diathesis-stress model, disturbed family communication ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Genetics & Schizophrenia ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Schizophrenia (Continued) Gender & Cultural Diversity: Numerous culturally general symptoms, but significant differences exist in: prevalence form onset prognosis ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010