Managing Stress and Work- Life Balance Chapter 9 Sixth Edition Jennifer M. George & Gareth R. Jones Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 9-1

Learning Objectives Describe how the experience of stress is based on employees’ perceptions and influenced by individual differences Appreciate the fact that stress can have both positive and negative consequences for employees and their organizations 9-2 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Learning Objectives Be aware of stressors that can arise from employees’ personal lives, their jobs, their work groups and organizations, the pursuit of work-life balance, and uncertainty in the wider environment Describe problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies for individuals Describe problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies for organizations 9-3 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Job Losses & Its Consequences What effects does job loss have on employees and their families? Mounting levels of stress for employees  Mental & physical well-being  Loss of house  Conflicts with friends and family 9-4 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

What Is Stress? Stress is the experience of opportunities or threats that people perceive as important and also perceive they might not be able to handle or deal with effectively 9-5 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Key Aspects of Stress Stress can originate from opportunities and threats The opportunities or threats that cause stress are important to the person in question The person who is experiencing the threat or opportunity is uncertain as to whether he or she can effectively handle the situation Stress is rooted in perception 9-6 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Individual Differences and Stress Personality Ability 9-7 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Personality and Stress Self-esteem Type A Locus of control Neuroticism Extraversion Openness to experience Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 9-8

Consequences of Stress Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 9-9 Physiological Consequences Behavioral Consequences Psychological Consequences

Signs of Burnout Feelings of  Low personal accomplishment  Emotional exhaustion  Depersonalization 9-10 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

A Stress Quiz Conditions at work are unpleasant or even unsafe. I feel that my job is making me physically or emotionally sick. I have too much work or too many unreasonable deadlines. I can’t express my opinions or feelings about my job to my boss. My work interferes with my family or personal life. I have no control over my life at work. My good performance goes unrecognized and unrewarded. My talents are underutilized at work Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

An Inverted U Relationship Between Stress and Performance 9-12 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Exhibit 9.1

Sources of Stress Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 9-13 Job Responsibilities Personal Life Membership in Groups Work-Life Balance Environmental Uncertainty

Personal Sources of Stress Minor Life Events  Getting a speeding ticket  Have trouble with your in- laws  Getting caught in traffic  Going on vacation  Getting a new assignment at work Major Life Events  Death of a loved one  Divorce  Serious illness  Getting arrested  Getting married  Buying a house  Having a baby Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 9-14

Job-Related Stressors Role conflict Role ambiguity Overload Underload Challenging assignments Economic well-being and job security 9-15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Group- and Organization-Related Stressors Cultural differences Uncomfortable working conditions Unsafe working conditions Mergers and acquisitions 9-16 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Work-Life Balance Elder care Child care Value conflict 9-17 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Environmental Uncertainty Global instability Aftermath of war and terrorism SARS Corporate scandals Exposure to toxins 9-18 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Coping Strategies for Individuals Emotion-focused  Exercise  Meditation  Social support  Clinical counseling Problem-focused  Time management  Mentoring  Role negotiation Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 9-19

Time-Management Steps Make lists of all tasks to accomplish during day Prioritize tasks Estimate length of time required to complete each task 9-20 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Nonfunctional Coping Strategies Eating Drinking Taking drugs Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 9-21

Coping Strategies for Organizations Emotion-focused On-site exercise facilities Organizational support Employee assistance programs Personal days/ sabbaticals Problem-focused Job redesign Job rotation Uncertainty reduction Job security Company day care Flextime/job sharing Telecommuting Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 9-22

OB Today: Alleviating Stress Through Organizational Support Layoffs especially stressful at small companies. Close personal relationships develop making layoffs more difficult. To boost morale Companies show employees support by: Helping laid off employees find new jobs. Give current employees extra incentives on the job. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 23

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