The Power of Wind CBE 555 Stephen Klein

History  5000 BC : Propel ships  200 BC Windmills in China pumping water Windmills in China pumping water Persia grinding grain with vertical axis Persia grinding grain with vertical axis  11 th Century – Widespread use in Middle East Persian Windmill

History  19 th Century – Replacement by steam engines  1890 thru Present Electricity Production (Denmark) Electricity Production (Denmark) Interest varies greatly with fuel costs Interest varies greatly with fuel costs WWIIWWII 1970’s1970’s NowNow

General Principle

Types of Turbines  Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)  Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)

Many different types – Most utilities use HAWT with 2-3 rotors

General Design

World Leaders Capacity (MW)

US Growth  Production Tax Credit (1991) $0.021/kWh credit extended through 2009 $0.021/kWh credit extended through 2009  Home tax credit (30%)

Wisconsin History  2006 – 4.6% Energy Produced Renewable 1.4% of that Wind (320,000 MWh) 1.4% of that Wind (320,000 MWh) 55 Turbines in Operation 55 Turbines in Operation  2005 – 150,000 MWh  1998 – First Windmills Installed Glenmore Wind Energy Project Glenmore Wind Energy Project

Where Is It?

Phenomena  Lake Effect  Mountain-Valley Funnel

Theory Bernoulli Equation (total power) Since:, Available Power ~ v 3 Total Removed: How much really???

Theory (Cont’d) Another definition of Power: So, can combine the two power expressions, to determine velocity at (2) Can plug this expression back in for power of windmill, and compare to power available: Betz’s Law – Albert Betz – German Physicist, 1920

Max of at v 3 /v 1 =0.33

Ideal Operation

Glenmore Wind Energy Facility  Two 600 kW turbines  Opened February 1999  De Pere, WI  $2.1 million

Month of October Production

Wisconsin Projects  Blue Sky Green Field, Fond du lac Co.  Cedar Ridge Wind Farm, Fond du lac Co.  Glacier Hills, Portage, WI

Blue Sky Green Field  Started May 19, 2008  88 Vesta V MW Rated 1.65 MW Rated Cut in 8 mph Cut in 8 mph Rated 30 mph Rated 30 mph Cut out 54 mph Cut out 54 mph  380,000 MWh annually  $300 Million

Size (BSGF)  Largest Wind Farm in WI  Operate at 14.4 RPMs Tip traveling at 138 mph Tip traveling at 138 mph  Rotor Assembly 47 tons 41 m blade 41 m blade  Nacelle (HUB) 57 tons  Tower 140 tons 80 m 80 m

Cedar Ridge Wind Farm  ~20 mi south of BSGF  41 Vestas V82  12.2 sq mile plot  170,000 MWh expected  Capacity factor 30-35%  $180 million

Turbine 17Turbine 17Turbine 17Turbine 17

Glacier Hills  ~1 hour N of Madison  90 windmill site  Hope to start construction late 2009

Helpful?  ~$2000 / yr lease from land owners (1/2 acre)  Produce for <5 ¢/kWh Last Alliant bill – 11¢/kWh Last Alliant bill – 11¢/kWh  550,000 MWh from Cedar Ridge and BSGF is 170% increase from 2006

Pros and Cons  Free  No emissions  Rural Areas  No Fuel Infrastructure  Intermittent  High Investment  Visual and Environmental Impact

Environmental Impact  Noise  Birds Source/ActivityIndicative noise level dB (A) Rural night-time background Quiet bedroom35 Wind farm at 350m35-45 Car at 40mph at 100m55 Busy general office60 Jet aircraft at 250m105 Threshold of Pain140

New Technology and Aeroelastic Flutter  Tacoma Narrows Bridge

Windbelt / Humdinger  Using similar idea Small Scale (3 to 10 W) Small Scale (3 to 10 W) x more efficient than smallest microturbines x more efficient than smallest microturbines ~$2 / W (CR $2.6) ~$2 / W (CR $2.6)  Applications LED lighting LED lighting Wireless sensors Wireless sensors

Resources       All seeds look the same from a distance   TG_WiWindMapSped100mtr0307.pdf TG_WiWindMapSped100mtr0307.pdf TG_WiWindMapSped100mtr0307.pdf        Dixon, S.L., Eng, B. Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery. 5th Ed. Elsevier     Erickson, Wallace, etc. A Summary and Comparison of Bird Deaths and Mortality from Anthropogenic Causes with an Emphasis on Collision. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR p 1029    