AIM: how do the parts of the compound light microscope work? DO NOW: Explain what happens to the magnification and the field of view when we switch from the high power to low power objective HOMEWORK:

The compound light microscope

7R%20microscopes.ppt http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOhF7LauOys

Monday 10/6/14 AIM: What are the different types of microscopes? DO NOW: What is another name for the ocular lens and what is its function? Homework: Textbook read pages 582-583. Explain the function of the diaphragm. Explain the proper handling of the microscope

What are some things learned by the development of the microscope? The microscope has allowed us to view things that we can not see with our naked eye: EX: cells, bacteria, virus’, DNA, cell parts, algae, protozoa, bacteria, fungus

In your notebooks draw the letter K how you see it and then how it would be seen under the compound light microscope K

Micro Micro: unable to be seen with the naked eye. Micro Unit is 10-6 or 1/1,000,000 or .000001 Smaller than a standard unit There are 1 million micrometers in 1 meter Micro (u) is only used when measuring under the microscope 1 millimeter=1,000 micrometers Standard Unit M G L Deci Centi Milli Micro

The compound light microscope

Types of Microscopes Light Microscopes Electron Microscopes Simple or compound Electron Microscopes Scanning or transmission Dissecting Microscopes

Properties of ANY microscope Simple: one magnifying lense Compound: two magnifying lenses Monocular: one eyepiece Binocular: two eyepieces

Simple vs Compound Microscope

Monocular vs Binocular

Development of Microscopes Simple light microscopes  Compound light microscopes  Compound electron microscopes As microscope technology improved new discoveries were made about cell structure

Electron Microscopes Most modern microscopes Use a beam of electrons to make the object extremely bright Extremely high magnifications are possible up to 1,000,000x Used to see extremely small details within a cell, can’t see a complete cell

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Scans the surface of a specimen with a beam of electrons Creates a 3d image Magnify up to 200,000 times

Scanning Electron Microscope

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Beam of electrons transmits through the entire specimen If electrons can pass through the specimen it creates a light and dark image Thicker parts of the specimen are darker than thinner parts Total magnification is 1,000,000 x

Transmission Electron Microscope

Tuesday 10/7/14 AIM: How does the compound light microscope magnify an image? DO NOW: In your own words explain the difference of the image created by an SEM and a TEM. HOMEWORK: Textbook page 382-383 how do you determine the total magnification of an image?

Dissecting Microscope A simple, binocular, light microscope Low magnification about 4 X Does not flip image Good for seeing 3 dimensional features Used during dissections and to see fairly large, opaque (non-transparent) objects

Dissecting Microscope

Light Microscopes Use normal visible light to see the object Magnification is limited because: Increases in magnification reduce the brightness of the image Living materials can be observed Maximum Mag = 400X – 500x

Which microscope produced these images? Picture A Picture B Picture C

Wednesday 10/8/14 AIM: How do the properties of the compound light microscope change when we change objective lenses? DO NOW: Observe the picture. Give the number and name the parts that magnify the image. HOMEWORK: The microscope handout HOMEWORK: Handout the microscope

Properties of the microscope 1- Magnification 2- Field of view 3- Resolution 4- Depth of field 5- Orientation 6- Brightness

Important Characteristics of Microscopes 1. Magnification : how many times the image is enlarged on a compound microscope total magnification = mag of ocular X mag of objective used

Magnification of a Dime

Magnification Unless you are told otherwise, the magnification of the ocular lense is always 10X Total magnification of an image viewed can be calculated Magnification of the ocular lens x magnification of the objective lens being used

Total Magnification Low power Medium power High power

Microscope How would you determine total magnification on this microscope?

NAME:________ DATE:_____ 1- Give the number and name of the part or parts that magnify the image. 2- Name and give the function of part 7.

What is the power of an objective being used if the total magnification is 150?

What are the six properties of the compound light microscope?

Properties of the microscope 1- Magnification 2- Field of view 3- Resolution 4- Depth of field 5- Orientation 6- Brightness

2. Field of view the area you can see on the slide as magnification increases field of view decreases

What happens to the field of view as magnification increases?

2- Field of view

Magnification and field of view As magnification increases, we are zooming in on the specimen This causes field of view to decrease So you see less area but with greater detail.

3. Resolution or Resolving Power ability to see details Ability to determine 2 points as being separate depends mainly on magnification, also depends on proper focusing and lighting As we increase magnification, we increase resolution

Resolution Resolution = Sharpness

3- Resolution

4. Depth of field thickness of the zone that is in focus as magnification increases depth of field decreases

Thursday 10/9/14 AIM: how do the parts of the microscope help us to investigate the unseen world? DO NOW: 1- What are some of the limitations of the light microscope? 2- List the 3 types of microscopes we discussed? Homework: Textbook page 583: Why would you stain a slide?

5. Brightness decreases Adjust the diaphragm as needed as magnification increases, brightness decreases Adjust the diaphragm as needed High power needs larger diaphragm opening

Diaphragm or iris diaphragm Located underneath the stage Metal disk Different sized holes Regulates the amount of light that enters the slide Smaller holes= less light Larger holes= more light

6. Orientation e e position of the image compound microscopes flips image upside down and backwards Image moves in the opposite direction as you move it If you physically move the slide up it looks like it is moving down If you physically move it left it looks like it is moving right Slide position Image e e

In order to center this object, in what direction should you move the slide?

AIM: what are some of the properties of the compound light microscope? DO NOW: 1- take out your handouts and your tables from last week 2- Explain the difference between the light and electron microscope Homework: Textbook Review pages 582-583. Explain how you would fix a slide that is unclear. If the slide is blurry what are you going to do to fix it?

AIM: How does the image change when I change objectives of the compound light microscope? DO NOW: 1- Explain what happens to the field of view and resolution when I switch from high to low power. Homework: Have fun be safe and careful

Question 1 What type of microscope produced the image below?

2- What type of microscope produced the image below?

3- Name the microscope that produced the image below

4- what type of microscope made the image below?

For questions 5-8, give the total magnification of the microscope. 5- dissecting microscope 6- compound light microscope 7- scanning electron microscope 8- transmission electron microscope

9- Why are some parts of the image below darker than other parts?

10-List the order of the development of microscopes

List the properties of a compound light microscope

Properties of the microscope 1- Magnification 2- Field of view 3- Resolution 4- Depth of field 5- Orientation 6- Brightness

How can you determine which parts of an image are on the top of the specimen.

AIM: How do the parts of the compound light microscope help us view a microscopic world? DO NOW: Take out your microscope handout. 2- List ALL of the properties of the compound light microscope. HOMEWORK: 2- Microscope handout

AIM:How do the properties of a microscope change when we change objective lenses? DO NOW: 1- Take out all 3 handouts. 2- Explain the difference between a light microscope and an electron microscope. 3- If the total magnification of a light microscope is 250 x, what is the power of the objective lens being used. SHOW YOUR WORK!!!!!!!!!! Homework: Read page 582 thoroughly. Be prepared for a quiz on the parts and functions of the compound light microscope

Properties of the microscope 1- Magnification 2- Field of view 3- Resolution 4- Depth of field 5- Orientation 6- Brightness

AIM: How can we focus a slide when using the compound light microscope DO NOW: 1- Take out all 3 handouts from yesterday. 2- If you are viewing a slide under a 50 power objective, what is the total magnification of the image? 3- If the total magnification of an image is 950 and the magnification of the ocular lens is 15, what is the power of the objective being used?

AIM: What is the difference between a prepared and a wet mount slide? DO NOW: 1- Take out ALL microscope handouts. 2- List at least 5 important findings made by the invention of the compound light microscope. EX: All living things are made up of cells

HOMEWORK: complete the following table In YOUR OWN WORDS THE COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE STRUCTURE FUNCTION 1- body tube 2- revolving nosepiece 3- low power objective lens 4- medium power obj lens 5- high pwr obj lens 6- stage clips 7- diaphragm 8- light source 9- ocular or eyepiece 10-arm

In order to center this object, in what direction should you move the slide?

Friday 10/10/14 AIM: how do we prepare a wet mount slide? DO NOW: Why is it important to center an image before switching from low to high power? How should the diaphragm be changed when we switch from low to high power? HOMEWORK: In your own words, explain how the diaphragm needs to be changed when you switch from high to low power

Steps to view a slide 1-Start with the low power objective 2- Adjust diaphragm 3- Use the coarse adjustment to focus the image 4- Make sure the image is centered 5- Switch to the high power objective 6- Adjust diaphragm 7- Use the fine adjustment to focus detail

Searching Always start your search at low power because: field of view is much larger depth of field is thicker

Centering 1. To center an object, move the slide: in the opposite direction that you want the image to move in. 2. Always center at low before switching to high power because: *If you don’t the object will not be within high power field of view.

How is a prepared slide different from a wet mount slide?

Wet Mount Image What do you notice about the angle? Why is this important?

Making a wet mount slide 1- Collect sample from a container 2- add the specimen to your slide 3- Diagonally place coverslip over your sample What angle should you drop the coverslip? Why do you diagonally drop the coverslip?

What do you think about staining? Unstained Cheek Cells vs.. Stained Cheek Cells

Staining Stains are used to highlight specific features of cell structure Some stains may damage or kill the cells that absorb them. Some stains cause changes in the structure of the cell Methylene blue and Lugol’s Iodine Solution are frequently used to stain cells

How to Add Stain to An Existing Wet Mount Slide 1. Place a drop of stain on the slide near one end of the cover slip 2. Place a piece of absorbent paper at the opposite end of the cover slip 3. The paper will absorb water from underneath the cover slip and the stain will move under the cover slip to replace the water.

Adding Stain to Existing Wet Mount

In order to center this object, in what direction should you move the slide?

Microdissection Using specialized tools to perform “microsurgery” on cells, while they are being observed through a microscope Can be used to: remove the nucleus from a cell inject materials into a cell reconnect portions of damaged cells reconnect nerves, blood vessels, muscles and tendons after an injury collect eggs from a woman’s ovary

Zygote & Early Embryo stage (wheat) Microdissection Zygote & Early Embryo stage (wheat)

Onion Cells 100x 400x

Stained Onion Cell