KEY CONCEPT Mendel’s research showed that traits are inherited as discrete units.

Objectives Students will be able to describe the patterns of inheritance that Mendel’s data revealed. Students will be able to summarize Mendel’s Law of Segregation.

Mendel laid the groundwork for genetics. Traits are distinguishing characteristics that are inherited. Genetics is the study of biological inheritance patterns and variation. Gregor Mendel showed that traits are inherited as discrete units. Many in Mendel’s day thought traits were blended. Mixing red and white gets pink all the time

Mendel’s data revealed patterns of inheritance. Mendel made three key decisions in his experiments. use of purebred plants control over breeding observation of seven “either-or” traits

Mendel used pollen to fertilize selected pea plants. P generation crossed to produce F1 generation interrupted the self-pollination process by removing male flower parts Mendel controlled the fertilization of his pea plants by removing the male parts, or stamens. He then fertilized the female part, or pistil, with pollen from a different pea plant.

Mendel allowed the resulting plants to self-pollinate. Among the F1 generation, all plants had purple flowers F1 plants are all heterozygous Among the F2 generation, some plants had purple flowers and some had white

Mendel observed patterns in the first and second generations of his crosses.

Mendel drew three important conclusions. Traits are inherited as discrete units. Organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent. The two copies segregate during gamete formation. The last two conclusions are called the law of segregation. purple white

Review Give two examples of traits that haven’t already been discussed. Explain why Mendel’s choice of either-or characteristics aided his research. Why is it important that Mendel began with purebred plants? Mendel saw purple flowers in the F1 generation, but both purple and white flowers in the F2. How did this help him see that traits are inherited as discrete units?

4 KEY CONCEPT Genes encode proteins that produce a diverse range of traits.

4 Objectives: Students will be able to explain how there can be many versions of one gene. Students will be able to describe how genes influence the development of traits.

The same gene can have many versions. 4 The same gene can have many versions. A gene is a piece of DNA that directs a cell to make a certain protein. Each gene has a locus, a specific position on a pair of homologous chromosomes.

4 An allele is any alternative form of a gene occurring at a specific locus on a chromosome. Each parent donates one allele for every gene. Homozygous describes two alleles that are the same at a specific locus. Heterozygous describes two alleles that are different at a specific locus.

Genes influence the development of traits. 4 Genes influence the development of traits. All of an organism’s genetic material is called the genome. AA, Aa, aa Green Eyes, Blue Body etc. A genotype refers to the makeup of a specific set of genes. A phenotype is the physical expression of a trait.

4 Alleles can be represented using letters. A dominant allele is expressed as a phenotype when at least one allele is dominant. A recessive allele is expressed as a phenotype only when two copies are present. Dominant alleles are represented by uppercase letters; recessive alleles by lowercase letters.

4 Both homozygous dominant and heterozygous genotypes yield a dominant phenotype. Most traits occur in a range and do not follow simple dominant-recessive patterns.

4 Review Distinguish between the terms locus and allele. Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype. How are the terms gene, locus, and allele related? Explain why an organism’s genotype may be homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive or heterozygous but never heterozygous recessive. Suppose you are studying a fruit fly’s DNA and you discover a gene for antenna length on chromosome 2. What word describes it’s location, and where would it be found in other fruit flies’ DNA? If a recessive allele helps an organism reproduce, nut the dominant allele hinders reproduction, which will be more common in a population? Cystic Fibrosis is a recessive disease that causes the production of abnormally thick, life-threatening mucus secretions. What is the genotype of a person with cystic fibrosis: CC, Cc, or cc? Explain