GEOL 352 – Fall 2014 September 17, 2014 Veronica Sosa-Gonzalez India: Setting the context

Outline Geography and population Health and education Political history Religion and water Climate and Environment

Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment

Area: 2,973,190 km 2 7 th largest country in the world Population: 1,252,139,596 (2013) Rural population: 851,141,890 (2013) $1,499 GDP per capita Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment

Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment

Life expectancy: 66 Fertility: 2.5 births per woman Adolescent fertility rate: 33/100,000 women (15-19 years) Tuberculosis: 176/100,000 people (0.09%) Mortality (<5 years): 53/10,000 live births HIV: 0.3% of population Literacy percentage: No Data School enrollment –Tertiary: 25% in 2012 Ratio of female to male tertiary enrollment: 78 (2011) Primary school completion rate: 96 (2011) Public spending on education: 3.4% of GDP Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment

2600 to 2000B.C.E. – Indus civilization Induism 8 th century C.E. – Invasions from the Northwest Islam 13 th century C.E. – Muslim rule – Administered by British 1947 subcontinent divided by religious lines 1950 – Constitution proclaims India as a “sovereign socialist secular democratic republic” Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment

RELIGION AND WATER Ganges is considered sacred by the Hindu population The main headwater river of the Ganges, the Bhagirathi, is located at the base of the Gangotri Glacier, considered scared by Hindus

Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment

Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment

Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment India ranks 155/178 countries Overall score 31.23/100

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN INDIA “Pollution, deforestation, wildlife trade, the aspirations of more than one billion people. These are some of the critical issues that India grapples with every day” - World Wildlife Foundation

Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment The world’s 10 Most Polluted Places – Scientific American, 2007 SUKINDA, INDIA

Geography + population Health + Education Political history Climate + Environment The world’s 10 Most Polluted Places – Scientific American, 2007 VAPI, INDIA html

2010 Commonwealth Games Great controversy over the amount of money spent on the event, despite the fact that India has one of the world’s largest concentration of poor people “The Commonwealth Games have not improved the lot of either New Delhi's poorest residents or the capital's natural environment.”