Diagnostic Procedures, Nuclear Medicine, and Pharmacology Chapter 15

Overview of Diagnostic Procedures, Nuclear Medicine, and Pharmacology

Basic Diagnostic Procedures Vital signs Auscultation Palpation and percussion Basic examination instruments

Vital Signs Temperature: average normal is 98.6°F (Fahrenheit) or 37.0°C (Celsius) Pulse: rhythmic pressure against walls of an artery caused by beating of heart Respiration: number of complete breaths per minute Blood pressure: force of blood against walls of arteries

Pulse Points of the Body © Cengage Learning

Auscultation Auscultation Listening for sounds within the body Performed through a stethoscope

Palpation and Percussion examiner’s hands feel texture, size, consistency, and location of body parts Percussion determines density of a body part by sound produced by tapping surface with fingers

Basic Examination Instruments Ophthalmoscope: to examine interior of eye Otoscope: to examine external ear canal and tympanic membrane Speculum: to enlarge opening of a canal or cavity for inspection of its interior Stethoscope: to listen to sounds within the body

Examination Positions Recumbent positions Sims’ position Knee-chest position Lithotomy position

Recumbent Positions Horizontal recumbent position also known as supine position patient is lying on the back, face up used for examination and treatment of anterior surface of the body and for x-rays Dorsal recumbent position patient lying on the back, face up, with the knees bent used for examination and treatment of the abdominal area and for vaginal or rectal exams (continues)

Recumbent Positions Lithotomy position patient lying on back, face up, with the feet and legs raised and supported in stirrups used for vaginal and rectal examinations and during childbirth (continues)

Recumbent Positions Prone position – patient lying on abdomen, face down Sims’ position – patient lying on left side with right knee and thigh drawn up with left arm placed along back Knee-chest position – patient lying face down with hips bent so knees and chest rest on table

Laboratory Tests Blood tests Urinalysis

Endoscopy Visual examination Endoscopic surgery

Centesis Centesis: a surgical puncture to remove excess fluid or to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes Used alone as a noun, or as a suffix in conjunction with the combining form, describing the body part being treated (continues)

Centesis Examples of centesis abdominocentesis arthrocentesis cardiocentesis pericardiocentesis

Imaging Techniques Radiography (x-ray) Computerized tomography (CT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Fluoroscopy Diagnostic ultrasound

Nuclear Medicine Utilizes radioactive substances for both diagnosis and treatment purposes.

Radiographic Projections and Positioning Basic radiographic projections

Terms Related to Pharmacology Addiction Adverse drug reaction (side effect) Compliance Contraindication Drug interaction (continues)

Terms Related to Pharmacology Palliative Paradoxical drug reaction Placebo Idiosyncratic reaction Potentiation (synergism)

Key Word Parts and Definitions albumin/o albumin, protein calc/i calcium, lime, the heel -centesis surgical puncture to remove fluid creatin/o creatinine (continues)

Key Word Parts and Definitions glycos/o glucose, sugar -graphy the process of producing a picture or record hemat/o blood, relating to the blood lapar/o abdomen, abdominal wall (continues)

Key Word Parts and Definitions -otomy cutting, surgical incision phleb/o vein radi/o radiation, x-rays -scope instrument for visual examination (continues)

Key Word Parts and Definitions -scopy visual examination son/o sound -uria urination, urine

Questions

Question In Sim’s position, which is used for examining the rectal area, the patient is lying: face down on the left side with the right knee drawn up on the back with the knees up

Question A lipid panel measures the ability of the liver to secrete bilirubin into the bile. True or False?

Question Which of these operations cannot be performed using laparoscopic surgery? appendectomy cholecystectomy cesarean section

Question Elephants have an average pulse of 27, and for canaries the average is 1,000. What is the average pulse for human beings? 90 120 65