Work participation among youth and adolescents ( NSS lens) Smt. Jeyalakshmi sekhar 17 July 2014

Economic activity Any activity resulting in production of goods and services that add value to national product is considered an economic activity Production of all goods and services for market for pay or profit including those of Government services, production of primary commodities for own consumption and own account production of fixed assets are taken as Economic activities in NSS EU (employment unemployment) surveys. Processing of primary products for own consumption was not considered as economic activity in NSS surveys

Activity status Three broad activity statuses  working (engaged in economic activity)  Not engaged in economic activity (work) but seeking work or available for work  Not engaged in any economic activity and also not available for work First two together define labour force while the last category is considered not in labour force. First category is employed and second is unemployed.

Decision on activity status During reference period if more than one activity is obtained for a person, the decided category is based on the major time criterion (In usual status approach) or priority criterion (current status approach) Usual activity status is the status during the 365 days preceding the date of the survey; determined on the basis of usual principal activity status (ps) and usual subsidiary activity status (ss) taken together. If the person does some economic activity for 30 days or more during last 365 days, he is considered a worker according to usual status approach Current status is current weekly and current daily status Worked for at least 1 hour on any day during the 7 days preceding the survey Worked for at least 1 hour during the day for current daily status

workers Persons engaged in any economic activity or who despite their attachment to the economic activity, abstained themselves from work for reason of illness, injury or other physical disability, bad weather, festivals, social or religious functions or other contingencies necessitating temporary absence from work, constituted workers Unpaid household members who assisted in the operation of an economic activity in household farm or nonfarm activities were also considered as workers Workers were further categorised as self employed Codes 11,12,21), regular wage/ salaried employee(code 31) and casual labour(41). These are the codes applicable for usual status approach.

Categories of self employed persons Own account workers (ran their enterprises without hiring any labour by and large) Employers with hired labour Helpers in household enterprises who did not receive any regular salary or wages

Classification followed To record industry of work, 5 digit classification of National Industrial Classification 2008 was used. To record type of occupation, 3 digit classification of National Classification of occupations 2004 was used. To identify certain category of workers under Division 97 of NIC (Activities of households as employers of domestic personnel), additional codes were used such as housemaid/ servant (97001), cook (97002) etc

Key Indicators Labour force participation rate(LFPR) = [ ( no of employed+ no of unemployed ) / total population] * 1000 Worker population ratio (WPR) =no of employed persons/ total population Proportion of unemployed (PU) = ( no of unemployed persons/ total population ) * 1000 Unemployment rate (UR) =[ no of unemployed persons/ (no of employed + unemployed persons) ] *1000

WPR (ps+ss) – male, female We will understand the trend of WPR according to usual status(ps+ss). Data are based on the 68 th round of NSS EUS the reference period being july 2011-june2012. WPR for persons = 386 per 1000 WPR for female = 219 WPR for male = 544 Only 22% of women are workers while 54% of men are workers. Gender differentials in WPR are highly pronounced, considering that almost equal no of men and women constitute the population.

WPR(ps+ss) for rural,urban Category of personWPR in usual status (ps+ss) Ruralurban Male Female person Figures reveal that rural urban differentials are highly pronounced in Female WPR 25% of women work in rural areas whereas 15% of women only work in urban areas The explanation could be that women’s work at home (home based workers) is not fully accounted for. The respondent may not reveal the information unless deeply probed

WPR(ps+ss) trend over the years 61 ( )66 ( )68 ( ) RURAL MALE FEMALE PERSON Urban Male Female Person Rural+urban Male Female person There is a declining trend in Female WPR over the years while the male WPR remains almost at the same level

RURAL

URBAN

Trend in Age specific WPR (ps+ss) Rural years15-19 years20-24 yearsAll (0+) malefemalemalefemalemalefemalemalefemale WPR (ps+ss) for the adolescent and youth groups are showing a declining trend in rural areas for both male and female

RURAL MALE

RURAL FEMALE

Trend in Age specific WPR (ps+ss) urban years15-19 years20-24 yearsAll (0 +) malefemalemalefemalemalefemalemalefemale WPR (ps+ss) for the adolescent and youth groups are showing a declining trend in urban areas also for both male and female. This may be an indication for the fact that the adolescents and youth are proceeding for higher studies to increase their qualifications for job market.

Trend urban male

Trend Urban Female

Age specific WPR (ps+ss) Rural Male by States/UTs years15-19 years20-24 yearsAll (0+) malefemalemalefemalemalefemalemalefemale All India States/uts above national average for the age group years: rural male – Gujarat(47),Jharkhand(76),Karnataka(35),Maharashtra(36),Punjab(30), UP((42), WB(33) years: rural male- Gujarat(353),Jharkhand(384),Karnataka(311),MP(374),Mizoram(434), Odisha(400),Punjab(303),Tnadu(283) UP(381),WB(360),Andaman(358),Lakshadweep(318) years:rural male- Chattisgarh(855),Gujarat(887),Karna(767)MP(807),Mizoram(817),odisha(836), Punjab(757), Rajasthan(751), Sikkim(875),UP(800),WB(806),Chandigarh(850),Daman&Diu(946)

Age specific WPR (ps+ss) Rural Female by States/UTs years15-19 years20-24 yearsAll (0+) malefemalemalefemalemalefemalemalefemale All India States/uts above national average years: rural Female Andhra (67) Gujarat(38),Jharkhand(57), nagaland(36), Odisha(29),Rajasthan(44), UP(40), WB(40) years: rural Female Andhra(251),chattisgarh(283), Goa(166), Gujarat(312), J&k(164),Mizoram(259), Odisha(238),Rajas(263),Tnadu(186), uttarakhand(169), WB(158) years:rural Female Andhra(463), Arunachal(412),Chattisgarh(510),Delhi(468), Goa(520),Guj(363),HP(557),J&K(379),Karna(299),MP(339),maha(405), manipur(379),Meghalaya(458),Mizoram(657), Nagaland(346),Odisha(320),Punjab(281), Rajas(454), Sikkim(596), Tnadu(386), Uttarakhand(351), Andaman(368)

Age specific WPR (ps+ss) urban male by States/UTs years15-19 years20-24 yearsAll (0+) malefemalemalefemalemalefemalemalefemale All India States/uts above national average years: urban male – Odisha(55), UP(60), WB(199) years: urban male- Chattisgarh(248),Gujarat(302),HP(279), Odisha(278),Punjab(268),Rajasthan(234),UP(337),WB(332),Dadra nagar haveli(253) years:urban male- Guj(747),HP(688),Kerala(627),Punjab(646), Rajas(603), Sikkim(839),Tnadu(608),Uttarakhand(640),UP(627),WB(642),Andaman(804),Dad ra(650),Daman&diu(984)

Age specific WPR (ps+ss) urban Female by States/UTs years15-19 years20-24 yearsAll (0+) malefemalemalefemalemalefemalemalefemale All India States/uts above national average years: urban Female Chattisgarh(12), Gujarat(17),Jharkhand(25), Odisha (24), Punjab(15),Rajasthan(10),Sikkim(51),UP(24), WB(27),Chandigarh(12) years: urban Female Gujarat(102),Maharashtra(83),Meghalaya(80),Mizoram(88), Rajasthan(112),UP(120), WB(108) years:urban Female Chattisgarh(289),Delhi(181), Goa(289),J&K(174),Karna(172),Maha(182), Manipur(189),Mizoram(261),Odisha(201), Sikkim(196), Tnadu(242), Andaman(328),Daman&diu(249),Puducherry(193)

WPR usual status (ps+ss) for adolescents (10-19) and Youth(15-24) All India- data and calculations years15-19 years20-24 years10-19years15-24 years Rural male Estimated Population(00) (NSS) WPR(ps+ss) Rural female Estimated Population(00) (NSS) WPR(ps+ss) Urban male Estimated Population(00) (NSS) WPR(ps+ss) Urban female Estimated Population(00) (NSS) WPR(ps+ss)

Conclusions based on WPR(PS+SS) usual status (atleast worked for 30 days in a year)-NSS Only 22% of women are workers while 54% of men are workers. Gender differentials in WPR are highly pronounced, considering that almost equal no of men and women constitute the population. Figures reveal that rural urban differentials are highly pronounced in Female WPR 25% of women work in rural areas whereas only 15% of women work in urban areas The explanation could be that women’s work at home (home based work) is not fully accounted for. The respondent may not reveal the information unless deeply probed

Conclusions based on WPR(PS+SS) usual status (atleast worked for 30 days in a year)-NSS (2) There is a declining trend in Female WPR over the years while the male WPR remains almost at the same level WPR (ps+ss) for the adolescent and youth groups are showing a declining trend in both rural and urban areas for both male and female. This may be an indication of the fact that the adolescents and youth are proceeding for higher studies to increase their qualifications for job market.

Conclusions based on WPR(PS+SS) usual status (atleast worked for 30 days in a year)-NSS (3) For rural males age group years, the WPR is highest in Jharkhand(76) and lowest in all UTs and HP(0). For rural males age group years, the WPR is highest in Mizoram(434) and lowest in Chandigarh(0), Daman and Diu(0), Delhi stands at 8. For rural males age group years, the WPR is highest in Daman and Diu(946) followed by Gujarat(887) and lowest in Manipur(409)

Conclusions based on WPR(PS+SS) usual status (atleast worked for 30 days in a year)-NSS (4) For rural Females age group years, the WPR is highest in Andhra Pradesh(67) and lowest in all UTs, Delhi, Goa, Haryana, Kerala,Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura(0) For rural Females age group years, the WPR is highest in Gujarat(312) and lowest in Delhi, Daman and Diu and lakshadweep(0). For rural Females age group years, the WPR is highest in Mizoram(657) and lowest in Bihar(36)

Conclusions based on WPR(PS+SS) usual status (atleast worked for 30 days in a year)-NSS (5) For urban males age group years, the WPR is highest in West Bengal(199) and lowest in all UTs and Arunachal Pradesh,Goa, HP, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim(0) For urban males age group years, the WPR is highest in UP(337) and lowest in Arunachal Pradesh(6). For urban males age group years, the WPR is highest in Daman and Diu(984) and lowest in Nagaland(138)

Conclusions based on WPR(PS+SS) usual status (atleast worked for 30 days in a year)-NSS (6) For urban Females age group years, the WPR is highest in Sikkim(51) and lowest in Assam, Delhi, Goa,Haryana,HP,Karnataka,Kerala,Maharashtra,Megh alaya,Mizoram,Nagaland,Tripura,Uttarakhand,Andam an and Nicobar,Dadra And Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep and Puducherry(0) For Urban Females age group years, the WPR is highest in UP(120) and lowest in Goa(0) followed by Bihar(1). For urban Females age group years, the WPR is highest in Andaman and nicobar(328) and lowest in Assam(45).

Conclusions based on WPR(PS+SS) usual status (atleast worked for 30 days in a year )- NSS (7) Rural maleUrban maleRural female Urban female Adolescents(10 -19) Youth(15-24) It can be concluded that the work participation rate of youth is roughly 3 times more than that of adolescents irrespective of rural or urban and male or female. For both adolescents and youth, Female participation rates are roughly 50% of male rates in rural areas while it is roughly 1/3 rd of male rates in urban areas.

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