Development in Thailand Hybrid Rice Development in Thailand Suniyum Taprab1, Amorntip Muangprom 2, Watcharin Meerod 2 1 Rice research and development, Department of Rice, Thailand 2 National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, Thailand

Total Labor Force : 39 million Population :  68 million Total Labor Force : 39 million Total Area: 514,000 SQ.KM Agricultural area: 47 % Agriculture Services Industries  40%  46%  14% Labor Force by Occupation (2012) 8% 53% 39% GDP Composition by Sector (2012) Year 2012 (GDP growth = 6.4 %) 2 http://www.indexmundi.com/thailand/gdp_composition_by_sector.html http://www.nso.go.th http://www.bot.or.th

Land Used Fallow Residents Others Forage crops Rice Vegetables & Flora Aerable Land 20.8 mha Fruit & Trees Field crops

Number of farmers growing each cash crops Farmers’ annual income (Baht) Poverty line 29,064 Baht/year Source: ศศช (NESDB,2014)

Value of cash crops, ratio to GDP and labor employment in 2013 (million Baht) Ratio to GDP (%) Labor employment (million person) Rubber 294,672 2.6 4.5 (11%) Rice 644,875 5.7 10.7(27%) Cassava 79,891 0.7 1.5 (4%) Sugar cane 109,753 1.0 0.8 (2%) Oil palm 13,742 0.1 0.4 (1%) Total 1,142,934 10.1 ~ 45% Source: ศศช (NESDB,2014)

Area, Production and Yield of Paddy Rice, 2004–2013 Years Harvested area ‘000 ha Production ‘000 t Yield t/ha 2004 9,993 28,538 2.9 2005 10,225 30,292 3.0 2006 10,165 29,642 2007 10,669 32,099 2008 31,651 2009 10,684 31,508 2010 12,435 32,396 2.8 2011 12,908 36,004 2012 13,345 38,102 2013 12,887 37,337 Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, 2014

Varieties of rice grown, 2001–2010 Years Modern Variety (%) Traditional Variety 2001 86 14 2002 87 13 2003 2004 88 12 2005 2006 91 9 2007 90 10 2008 2009 92 8 2010 93 7 Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, 2013

Areas of chemical and organic farming in 2004-2012 Years Chemical Farming (,000 ha) Organic Farming 2004 9,993 0.01 2005 10,225 0.02 2006 10,165 2007 10,669 2008 2009 10,684 2010 12,435 2011 12,908 2012 13,345 Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, 2014; Panyakul,2013. Info graphic by Choopong Eamoraphan

Cost comparison between organic and chemical farming per hectare Organic Farming Chemical Farming Seed 156 Fertilizer 65 175-208 Chemical substances 107-208 Fuel Labour cost (not include owner) 541 Harvester rental 108 Land rental 312 Others Total 346 1,572-1,706 Source : http://www.bangkokpost.com/print/396609/

Shares in Value of Rice Exports of Thailand by Major Trading Partner, 2011–2013 2012 2013 1 United States 417.64 405.74 456.59 2 China 235.70 152.58 251.13 3 Benin 104.07 189.54 466.81 4 Cote d'lvoire 330.09 238.47 203.93 5 South Africa 332.47 226.14 231.62 6 Cameroon 98.80 140.54 135.67 7 Hong Kong 218.17 177.69 185.41 8 Malaysia 200.29 69.62 91.21 9 Nigeria 775.24 677.72 92.35 10 Mozambique 87.06 102.24 101.13 Total 6,432.39 4,632.77 4,420.37 Source: Ministry of Commerce

Cost of Rice Production Per Hectare by Country USD

Thailand’s Rice Utilization in 2013 Paddy 37 MT Broken rice 2.0-2.5 MT Rice bran 2.8-3.0 MT seed 1.4 MT Rice mill 23 MT Feed Rice bran oil Consumption 10 MT Domestic 1.4-1.9 MT Export 7 MT Export 0.6 MT Rice Flour Noodle Feed Snack

Rice Exports by Major Varieties in 2011-2013 Source: Ministry of Commerce,2014.

History of hybrid rice development 1979 : hybrid rice has been developed by Rice Department starting with three-line hybrid system 1980 : Rice Department set up hybrid rice project 1981 : Rice Department collaborative with IRRI 1994 :Rice Department evaluated yield of hybrid rice varieties developed from the new male sterility rice lines and the Thai restorer lines. The results showed that some hybrid rice lines showed 50-70 % higher yield than Thai elite lines

History of hybrid rice development 2001 : CP started hybrid research by introducing 8 hybrid varieties from China. 2010 : CP released CP 304, a high yield hybrid rice of 7.5 tons/ha 2011 : Rice Department released its first hybrid rice variety, (RDH1) 2012 : Rice Department in collaboration with public and private sectors evaluated yield of hybrids 2013 : Rice Department released RDH3 giving high yield of 8.84 tons per hectare

Progress in hybrid rice research BIOTEC: Studied two-line hybrid system by obtaining TGMS from IRRI Evaluated sterility and fertility conditions Generate F1 hybrids, and inter-station yield evaluations Studied genetic structure of Thai rice germplasm and rice germplasm from IRRI. Studied on genes and proteins involved in temperature sensitive male sterility (TGMS) Developed molecular markers linked to male sterility genes controlling TGMS Source : Pitnjam et al, 2013; Chakhonkaen et al, 2013, Chueasiri, et al, 2014 Sangarwut, et al 2012

Progress in hybrid rice research Kasetsart University Developed for both three and two line systems: - classification rice germplasm - making database of these rice germplasm - development of A lines,and R lines - evaluation of heterosis of F1 hybrids - study commercial seed production Rajamangala University of Technology - developed of two TGMS lines: - selecting high yielding male lines with disease and insect resistances - yield trials of F1 hybrid resulting in 8 hybrids with yield higher than 6.25 tons/hectare Source :Funding: CPMO, NSTDA

Progress in hybrid rice research Maejo university - introduced a TGMS line (T29S) from Vietnam develop new TGMS lines in several Thai genetic backgrounds these TGMS lines will be used as female parents for two line hybrid development Source :Funding: CPMO, NSTDA

Status/Impact of HR production Total seed production by Crop Integration Business (CP) and Rice Department were about 100 tons in 2013. Planted area about 1,600 hectare The average yields of HR on sample farms of CP was 7.58-9.42 tons per ha. Yield, Cost and Profit of Hybrid Rice and Inbred Hybrid Rice Inbred Province A Province B Province C Yield (ton/hectare) 7.0 7.5 5.6 Cost (USD/hectare) 786 783 891 1,220 Profit (USD/hectare 1,393 1,398 1,269 850

- Higher cost Constraints and Gaps in Hybrid Rice Development Technology constraints - Few male sterile germplasm available (Somrith, 2007) - Low seed setting rate of A-lines - Effects of environments on sterility/fertility of TGMS lines - Impurity of hybrid seeds produced. - Hybrids yield still be unable to exceed 20% higher yield than that of the best inbred variety. Social and economic constraints - Higher cost - Not favorable yet by farmers due to limitation of yield - Limitation on acceptance and misunderstanding for hybrid technology

- No clear direction/Long term Plan. Constraints and Gaps in Hybrid Rice Development Capability constrains - Few research and breeder teams on hybrid rice (Somrith, 2007) - Limitations of research stations and field testing - Limitations of funding for research and investment - Low collaborations within and between countries Policy constraints - No clear direction/Long term Plan. - Budget constraints

Opportunities for Hybrid Rice Development Large diversity of rice germplasm Future effective collaboration between good partners (outside and inside country) to share resources and knowledge Technologies capability such as genomics and marker-assisted selection available Potentially clear direction of government on hybrid research

Key strategies and policy options to promote HR development in Thailand to 2020 and 2030 Increased capability of hybrid rice production -To develop male-sterile lines which suitable for Thailand -To produce hybrid seeds with reduced cost -To utilize new molecular technologies to speed up hybrid rice breeding Technology Transfer - To set demonstration farm for farmer learning - Multi-location testing with farmer participation Pubic and Private Partnership - Changing material between private and public sectors - Public and private sector work together for regular varietal testing and evaluation - Public-private linkage is in an area of human capital development

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