Civil War Begins Homework: 168-174

Cumberland Gap Area where Virginia, Kentucky and West Virginia Meet Lay down, boys, and take a little nap They’re kicking up a fuss in the Cumberland Gap Refrain: Cumberland Gap, Cumberland

War April 12th 1861 South takes Fort Sumter in South Carolina Lincoln’s call for troops – great response in North 4 more Southern States Secede Not all slave states secede Union plan- blockade, Mississippi natural barrier, Take Richmond Confederacy plan defense Look for support from Great Britain On April 10, 1861, Brig. Gen. Beauregard, in command of the provisional Confederate forces at Charleston, South Carolina, demanded the surrender of the Union garrison of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Garrison commander Anderson refused. On April 12, Confederate batteries opened fire on the fort, which was unable to reply effectively. At 2:30 pm, April 13, Major Anderson surrendered Fort Sumter, evacuating the garrison on the following day. The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the opening engagement of the American Civil War. Although there were no casualties during the bombardment, one Union artillerist was killed and three wounded (one mortally) when a cannon exploded prematurely while firing a salute during the evacuation on April 14.

Bull Run- First battle inexperienced troops on both sides- confederate victory General Stonewall Jackson Ulysses Grant- successful but the battle of Shiloh near disaster- must build trenches and fortifications Robert E. Lee- “I can’t stand against my Virginia” Antietam- bloodiest day in US war history 26,000 casualties Battles Estimated Casualties: 23,100 total Description: On September 16, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan confronted Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia at Sharpsburg, Maryland. At dawn September 17, Hooker’s corps mounted a powerful assault on Lee’s left flank that began the single bloodiest day in American military history. Attacks and counterattacks swept across Miller’s cornfield and fighting swirled around the Dunker Church. Union assaults against the Sunken Road eventually pierced the Confederate center, but the Federal advantage was not followed up. Late in the day, Burnside’s corps finally got into action, crossing the stone bridge over Antietam Creek and rolling up the Confederate right. At a crucial moment, A.P. Hill’s division arrived from Harpers Ferry and counterattacked, driving back Burnside and saving the day. Although outnumbered two-to-one, Lee committed his entire force, while McClellan sent in less than three-quarters of his army, enabling Lee to fight the Federals to a standstill. During the night, both armies consolidated their lines. In spite of crippling casualties, Lee continued to skirmish with McClellan throughout the 18th, while removing his wounded south of the river. McClellan did not renew the assaults. After dark, Lee ordered the battered Army of Northern Virginia to withdraw across the Potomac into the Shenandoah Valley. Result(s): Inconclusive (Union strategic victory.)

Effects of the War Even though Mclelan wins he doesn’t push into Richmond and is removed from his command Confederates false hope that British will recognize them Lincoln Emancipates Slaves as moral and weapon Suspension of Writ of Habeas Corpus Copperheads were those northerner Democrats in favor of peace with the south

Life During War Conscription and draft- riots break out in New York in 1863. Could pay $300 not to have to fight. African Americans fight for North Buffalo Soldiers (different rules and pay) Fort Pillow- Confederate kill 200 black soldiers who were prisoners of war Fast paced technology out paces health care and fighting tactics Clara Barton Founded American Red Cross Income Tax

Summary Questions The bloodiest day in US War history occurred in what battle? What was the nickname of Confederate General Jackson for holding in intense battle conditions? What is a writ of habeus corpus? Who were the “Copperheads”? What foreign nation did the Confederacy look for support from? Who were the buffalo soldiers? What General led the confederacy? Why was McClelan fired? Who founded the American Red Cross? What did the Union develop in order to be able to tax citizens during the war? Why did the New York riots of 1863 break out?

Contemporary issues and Questions Does Race still divide the Unites States even though slavery is long over?

A Rainy Day in Camp (1864)- Winslow Homer Interest in every day life not in fighting.

Extra Credit Reading Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments Dorothea Dix treatment of Insane Walt Whitman on American Business Rules of a highland plantation Virginia vs. Wilmot Proviso Daniel Webster supports compromise of 1850 John C. Calhoun demands equal rights for the south Lincoln calls for volunteers Fredrick Douglass on Women’s Suffarage Lincoln Douglas Debate (1) Lincoln Douglas Debate (2)