Breakfast Club

Erickson’s Stage 5: Adolescence -- Age 12 to 18 Crisis: Identity vs. Role Confusion 
 Description: This is the time when we ask the question "Who am I?" To successfully answer this question, Erikson suggests, the adolescent must integrate the healthy resolution of all earlier conflicts. Did we develop the basic sense of trust? Do we have a strong sense of independence, competence, and feel in control of our lives? Adolescents who have successfully dealt with earlier conflicts are ready for the "Identity Crisis", which is considered by Erikson as the single most significant conflict a person must face.

Piaget Cognitive Development

Kohlberg’s Moral Development

James Marcia’s Identity Statuses Moratorium Exploring an identity but no major decisions have been made Foreclosure Decisions have been made based on the ideas of others Diffusion No progress. Not exploring options and no decisions made Achievement Considered options and have committed to an identity

Parenting Styles Authoritative: democratic style of parenting, parents are attentive, forgiving, teach their offspring proper behavior, have a set of rules, and if child fails to follow their is punishment, if followed their is reward/reinforcement Authoritarian: strict parenting style, involves high expectations from parents but have little communication between child and parents. Parents don't provide logical reasoning for rules and limits, and are prone to harsh punishments Permissive: parents take on the role of "friends" rather than parents, do not have any expectations of child, they allow the child to make their own decisions Uninvolved: parents neglect their child by putting their own life before the child's. They do provide for the child's basic needs but they show little interaction with the child

Elkind’s List of Problems Finding fault with authority figures: Adolescents realize the adults they have admired for years fall short of the ideal person and they let everyone know this. Argumentativeness: They develop viewpoints and are eager to argue them (argument involves abstract thinking). Indecisiveness: More aware of many choices and they have a hard time making decisions. Apparent hypocrisy: Have difficulty understanding an ideal and living up to it. Self-consciousness: (imaginary audience); egocentric view where adolescents assume everyone is looking at them/thinking the same thing they are. Invulnerability: (personal fable); they feel special and unique and they are not subject to rules; feel invincible  can lead to risk taking and self-destructive behavior. (“No one understands me;” “It can’t happen to me.”)