SNC 1D Chemistry

Particle Theory and Types of Matter Learning Goals: Success Criteria: By the end of the class I will be successful if I can list the 5 main ideas of particle theory. By the end of the class I will be successful if I can correctly identify substances as pure, mixture, or solution. By the end of the class I will be able to list the main ideas of the particle theory. By the end of the class I will be able to identify the difference between pure substances, mixtures, and solutions.

Matter Anything that has a mass and takes up space

Particle Theory Particle Theory: a theory that describes the composition and behaviour of matter. There are 5 main ideas of the particle theory.

1. All matter is made up of tiny particles that have empty spaces between them.

2. Different substances are made up of different kinds of particles.

3. Particles are in constant random motion.

4. The particles of a substance move faster as its temperature increases.

5. Particles attract each other.

Particle Theory Video

Types of Matter Pure Substances and Mixtures

Pure Substance: a substance that is made up of only one type of particle.

Mixture: a substance that is made up of at least two different types of particles.

Mechanical mixture: a mixture in which you can distinguish between different types of matter.

Solution: a uniform mixture of two or more substances.

Alloy: a solid solution of two or more metals.

TRICK** If Gas and Liquid is opaque or murky = Mechanical Mixture

Physical Properties

Physical Properties: A characteristic that can be determined without changing the composition of the substance.

Qualitative Properties Properties of a substance that is not measured and does not have a numerical value.

Qualitative Properties Colour Odour Taste Texture Shape

Qualitative Properties

Quantitative Properties Properties of a substance that is measured and has a numerical value.

Quantitative Properties Lustre Optical Clarity Viscosity Brittleness Hardness Malleability Ductility Electrical Conductivity

Quantitative Properties

Characteristic Physical Properties A physical property that is unique to a substance and can be used identify the substance.

Characteristic Physical Properties Density Melting point Freezing point Boiling point

Characteristic Physical Properties

Physical Change A change in which the composition of the substance remains unaltered and no new substances are produced.

Physical Change Change of state Melting, freezing, boiling Changing size AND DISSOLVING

Bell Work: Physical Characteristics Define the following terms: -Freezing Point (abbreviated to FP) -Melting Point (abbreviated to MP) -Boiling Point (abbreviated to BP) Why is the importance to know the FP/MP and BP of a substance?

Test Tuesday September 29

Density For Full Communication Marks… Sample Problem: Calculate the density of a metal sample that is cm long, 9.21 cm wide and 4.45 cm high and that has a mass of kg. What is the identity of the metal? Give: l= cm h= 4.45 cm w= 9.21 cm m= kg Required: density of metal (d) Solution: V = l*w*h = cm * 9.21 cm * 4.45 cm = 738 cm 3 m = kg =14250 g d = m/v = g/738 cm 3 = 19.3 g/cm 3 Statement: The density of the metal is 19.3g/cm 3. This metal is gold.

Chemical Properties & Changes

Chemical Properties: A characteristic of a substance that is determined when the composition of the substance is changed and one or more new substances is created

Fireworks Fireworks contain ingredients such as metal flakes, fuel and a bursting charge These substances react together to produce new substances, some of which are visible in the smoke The entire reaction produces a great deal of energy; which appears in the form of light, sound, thermal energy and high-speed motion high into the sky

Advantages of Chemical Properties In our daily lives we mix different substances together to create products that we want Examples: Baking soda causes a cake to rise Bacterial cultures turn milk into cheese Chemicals clean our jewellery

Chemical Changes A change in the starting substance and the production of one or more new substances

What do you think are examples of chemical changes?

Types of Chemical Changes Change of colour – a new substance has formed that has a different colour than the original substance

A change of odour – a new substance has formed that has a detectable odour

Bubbles are visible that are not caused by heating – a new substance is produced in the form of a gas

A new solid is seen – a new substance that is produced does not dissolve in the mixture and shows up as a solid The solids that are formed in this way are often powdery and are called precipitates

A change in temperature or light – energy is released or absorbed during the chemical change, and is detected as a change in temperature or light

Exothermic: exo~ “exit” thermic ~“hot” -- Heat Releasing Endothermic: endo~ “within” thermic ~“hot” - Heat Absorbing Endothermic Vs. Exothermic Rxh

Demonstration Before: -Describe the physical properties of the materials. Separate each property in a chart as either qualitative or quantitative. After: Describe the physical properties after the change. Is the a physical or chemical change? Is this an example of an endothermic or exothermic reaction

Changing States -Melting ice: endothermic or exothermic? -Freezing ice: endothermic or exothermic?

Unusual Behaviour of Water -Density of Ice < Density of Water

Unusual Behaviour of Water -Density of Ice < Density of Water

Pros and Cons of Water’s Unusual Characteristic Physical Properties Pros: Cons:

Pros and Cons of Water’s Unusual Characteristic Physical Properties Pros: - Allows aquatic life to survive Cons: - Potential for pipes to burst - Cannot freeze water in a glass

Salt and Ice -Adding salt to water alters the characteristic physical properties. -When do we take advantage of this? Brainstorm possible alternatives