Development and Expansion of Presidential Power What characteristics define each era of development/expansion? What are inherent powers? How did these changes lead to an expansion of authority?

Limits to Authority JFK: “greater limitations upon our ability to bring about a favorable result than I had imagined.” Formal powers enumerated in Article II and USSC interpretations Power wielded based on events of the time, advice, and leadership –Crises usually trigger expansion of power

Washington: major expansion of government and establishment of federal supremacy –Whiskey Rebellion 1794Whiskey Rebellion 1794 –Cabinet system –inherent powers (powers exist because of the position—i.e., diplomatic relations) Adams: political party divisions (F v AF) Jefferson: expansion of power in legislative process –Louisiana Purchase 1803

Balance of power heavy in Congress— president seen as a distant figure Jackson (1828) first president not Virginian or an Adams –launches Jacksonian democracy, the “era of the common man” that embodied western, frontier, egalitarian viewsJacksonian democracy –Image and personal power to develop party loyalties, end “nullification crisis” in SC

Lincoln (1860)—assumes emergency powers never before used in order for union to survive –Suspended writ of habeus corpus, which would allow jailing of those against Union (2:28)writ of habeus corpus –Expanded US Army above Congress’ ceiling –Orders blockade of southern ports, creating a war without Congressional approval –Claimed he could circumvent Constitution in time of war/national crisis: “faithful execution of the law”

1933: Growth of Modern Presidency Presidential decision-making become increasingly important (less time-consuming than Congress) FDR presidency starts with creation of New Deal legislation –Significantly expands role of federal government in daily life of the people –Creation of new federal agencies/expand role of bureaucracy –Use of technology a daily part of executive’s role