PARTS OF SPEECH 1 The principles of the traditional classification of the English vocabulary 2 Notional and functional parts of speech. 3 The field structure of the English vocabulary. 4 New approaches to the vocabulary classification

The division of words into classes CRITERIA: Semantic (meaning) Formal (form) derivational features a set of grammatical categories Functional (function) function in the sentence combinability

Traditional grammar approach Scherba: notional parts of speech (N, V, Adv, Adj, Pron, Num) Functional parts of speech (art, prep, conj, part, modal words, interj) V.Vinogradov: notional parts of speech (N, V, Adv, Adj, Pron, Num, the category of state (alone, alive,ashore) Functional: particles proper, linking particles, prepositions,conjunctions)

M. Blokh (semantico-grammatical analysis): Notional (names): N,V,Adv,Adj pronominal words (substitutes of names): pronouns, numbers, words of broad semantcs (“do”, ”thing” etc. ) Functional words: prep, conj, particles, determiners etc.

Modern approaches J. Sweet divided the vocabulary on the morphological properties into declinables (N, Adj, V) and indeclinables (Adv, Prep, Conj, Interj). on the basis of the syntactic functioning of definite classes of words into nominal words (noun-words) include noun-pronouns, noun-numerals, infinitives, gerunds; adjective words include adjective pronouns, adjective numerals, particles; verb group includes personal forms and verbals.

Glison’s classification is based on two formal indications: morphological form and word-order (the group which has formal indications of word-changing (N, V, Adj, Adv) and the group which has no such indications. nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs Sledda distinguishes inflectional (nominals, verbals, adjectivals, adverbials) and positional classes. He also adds 8 smaller classes here: auxiliary verbs, determiners, prepositions conjunctions and different classes of pronouns.

O. Jespersen proposed a classification based on the lexical meaning and morphological function of the word in the phrase. (The theory of three ranks) primary word (Adj + N) e.g. a barking dog secondary word (Adj + N) - a barking dog tertiary words: a furiously barking dog In the junction we find primaries and adjuncts, subjuncts In the sentence I see a dog we find nexus (I see) and adnex (a dog)

The field structure of the English Vocabulary Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adv The field structure of the English Vocabulary

Notional and functional parts of speech 1 The lexical meaning is bright and distinct 2 They аre open classes 3 They perform certain functions in the sentence 4 They form the "Lexical Paradigm of Nomination“ 1 The lexical meaning is very general and weak; 2 they are closed systems (include a limited number of members); 3 function as linking and specifying words. 4 They have obligatory combinability;

The Lexical Paradigm of Nomination Fancy - to fancy - fanciful - fancifully To decide – decision – decisive – decisively Beauty – to beautify – beautiful - beautifully an end - to end -final - finally" (lexemic suppletivity), gratitude - grateful - gratefully - to ex­press gratitude (phrasemic suppletivity). one, it, they … - to do, to make, to act … - such, same, similar … - thus, so, there…