Preliminaries to translation as a product:

Translation can be seen as a process and a product Translation can be seen as a process and a product. As a process as a process means what the translator actually does. The evidence we have for a process is a product such as gist translation or exegetic translation.

To look at translation as a product we need to look at two opposed degrees of freedom of translation: extreme SL bias and extreme TL bias Degrees of freedom of translation Interlinear translation: Interlinear translation is at the extreme SL bias. Here the TT does not respect TL grammar, but it has grammatical units corresponding as closely as possible to every grammatical unit of the ST.

Example, اللي فات مات The/ What passed died As can be seen from this example, Interlinear translation is used where the purpose of the translation is shed light on the structure of the ST, e.g. descriptive linguistics and language teaching

2. Literal translation As a form of ST bias, literal translation focuses on the denotative meaning of the word(out of context). However, in Literal translation the TL grammar is respected. Literal translation of involves grammatical transposition: the replacement of given parts of speech in the ST by other parts of speech in It’s sunny الدنيا شمسthe TT, e,g.

Free translation At the opposite extreme of TL bias. Here there Is only global correspondence between the textual units of the ST and those of the TT. For example a possible translation of اللي فات مات would be ‘Let bygones be bygones’ Here the grammar is completely different and the metaphor ‘dying ’ is lost.

you win some, you lose someيوم لك ويوم Here the grammar and the vocabulary are different.عليك

Communicative translation: It is produced when in a given situation the ST uses an ST expression standard for that situation, and the TT uses a TT expression standard for an equivalent target culture situation. For example, Let bygones be bygones is a translation of اللي فات مات

This translation is in many situations mandatory This translation is in many situations mandatory. This is also true of many culturally conventional formulae that do not invite literal translation such as proverbs, public notices, and conventional clichés.