Chapter 3 States of Matter PEPS Rainier Jr/Sr High School Mr. Taylor

Section 1: Matter and Energy O Matter exists as a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. O The state of matter is a result of the movement of its particles.

Section 1: Matter and Energy O Kinetic theory: the atoms and molecules of a substance are always in motion. O The higher the temperature of a substance the faster the particles move. O At the same temperature larger particles move slower than smaller particles.

Section 1: Matter and Energy O Solids; O Have a definite shape and volume. O Particles of the solid are held closely together and vibrate in place. (Particles close; vibrate in place.)

Section 1: Matter and Energy O Liquids: O Have a definite volume but take the shape of its container. (Definite volume, shape of container.) O The particles in contact with each other.

Section 1: Matter and Energy O Gases: O Gases have no definite volume and take the shape of the container they are in. (Volume varies with shape of container.) O Particles seldom contact each other.

Section 1: Matter and Energy O Plasmas: O Not usually found in Nature on Earth (lightning, aurora borealis) O Most common form of matter in the universe. O Are electrically charged particles; very high energy. O No definite shape or volume.

Section 1: Matter and Energy O Energy is the ability to change or move matter. O Kinetic energy; the energy due to the motion of particles. O Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance. O Higher kinetic energy = higher temperature

Section 1: Matter and Energy O Energy is the ability to change or move matter. O Kinetic energy; the energy due to the motion of particles. O Thermal energy is the TOTAL amount of kinetic energy contained in a substance. O Thermal energy depends on BOTH temperature and mass of the substance. O Cup of hot water vs barrel of hot water

Section 2: Changes of State O Changes of state involve changing the kinetic energy of matter O Some changes require energy to be added: O Solid to liquid to gas O Some changes give off energy: O Gas to liquid to solid

Section 2: Changes of State O Changes requiring added energy: O Boiling or Evaporation: liquid to gas O Melting: solid to liquid O Sublimation: solid directly to gas

Section 2: Changes of State O Changes releasing energy: O Condensation: gas to liquid O Freezing: liquid to solid

Section 2: Changes of State O IMPORTANT IDEA #1!! O During a change of state there is a change of energy but NOT a change of temperature!! O In boiling or melting the added energy is used to overcome the attractive forces between particles. O In freezing or condensation the released energy is given off as the particles become more attracted to each other.

Section 2: Changes of State OIOIMPORTANT IDEA #2!! OTOThe Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy states that in all chemical processes mass and energy can be neither created nor destroyed. OMOMatter is rearranged in a chemical reaction. OEOEnergy can be converted from one form to another (chemical to mechanical to sound to...)

Section 3: Fluids

O Buoyant force is the upward force exerted by liquids on objects placed in them. O Objects float or sink based on relative densities of the substances. O An object of greater density than the liquid will sink. O An object of lesser density than the liquid will float.

Section 3: Fluids O Pascal’s Principle: pressure changes in one area of a fluid will be transmitted equally throughout that fluid. O This is the basis of all hydraulic devices such as car lifts and jacks or drive trains for heavy equipment

Section 3: Fluids O Viscosity is a fluid’s resistance to flow O High viscosity = slow flow (cold syrup) O Low viscosity = faster flow (hot syrup)

Section 4: Behavior of Gases O Properties of gases: O Gases expand to fill their containers O Gases easily mix with one another O Gases have low densities O Gases are compressible O Gases are mostly empty space

Section 4: Behavior of Gases O Gases exert pressure on the wall of their containers. O Boyle’s Law says that the gas pressure increases as the container volume decreases. O Gay-Lussac’s Law says that as the gas temperature increases the gas pressure increases. O Charles’ Law says that as the gas temperature increases the gas volume increases