Tikanga Maori 1.1 Students will learn a short mihimihi or informal introduction 1.2 Students will learn a waiata “Ma wai ra” to use at the completion of a whaikorero 1.3 Students will participate in a mock powhiri process

Pōwhiri A powhiri is a formal welcome to a place. Powhiri most commonly take place at a Marae. Much of what is practiced during the pohiri process is guided by Maori protocol and etiquette otherwise referred to as tikanga and kawa.

Tau utuutu / Paeke Tau utuutu A kaikōrero (speaker) on the tangata whenua side starts, followed by a speaker from the manuwhiri (visitors). Each side alternates, however the tangata whenua conclude (which means that they always require one extra speaker than the visitors: they both start the whaikōrero and conclude it)  Paeke All of the kaikōrero on the tangata whenua (host) side speak first, after which, all of the kaikōrero on the manuwhiri side respond and once all manuhiri have finished it is then closed by the tangata whenua side.

Kawa “How it’s done”, the practise, ritual and ceremonial aspect Example All hapū share the tikanga of manaakitanga: welcoming visitors onto their marae Not all hapū share the same kawa, or mode of welcoming their manuhiri

Tikanga Tika = right, correct, just, upright Tika-nga = “What is done”, protocols, customs based on communal understanding of what is tika Encompasses principles and laws that govern behaviour Social Ethical Spiritual

Tapu Melanesian/Polynesian root word: tabu or taboo Restricted, set apart, sacred, of the atua All people have a certain level of tapu An area designated as set apart, spiritually or historically significant, or even unsafe

Noa Common, everyday The counterpart (not opposite, or absence) of tapu “Often noa refers to restoring a balance”1 Indicates a state of normality and safety 1Hirini Moko Mead, 2003. Tikanga Maori: Living by Maori Values. Wellington: Huia Publishers.

“He takahi manuhiri, he marae puehu” Manaakitanga Root words Mana and Aki (to raise) Superficially: manaakitanga = hospitality Obligation to show hospitality from a desire to increase mana, personally and collectively “He takahi manuhiri, he marae puehu” Mistreatment of visitors will result in a dusty Marae

Whanaungatanga Kinship Matemateāone (concept of inter-connective-ness with kin and land) Impresses the importance of whānau Ideas of what is whānau extended by this concept whanaungatanga can be experienced between those unrelated by whakapapa Groups who share a common goal, kapa haka groups, can all be described as a type of whānau

The Powhiri Process The powhiri process will include all or some of the following activities: Wero Karanga Whakaeke Whaikorero Koha/Whakaaro Waiata Hongi/Hariru Kai

Waiata Waiata (or song) is performed after each whaikōrero. The quality and intent of the waiata is critical, as once again, it upholds the mana of that group (i.e. the tangata whenua or manuwhiri) and embellishes the exchanges made during the whaikōrero.

Ma wai ra (Extract from Henare Te Owai lament, 1933) Ma wai ra E taurima Te marae i waho nei? Ma te tika Ma te pono Me te aroha e Who will take responsibility on the marae now? There can be justice and truth only if there is love.

Summary Tikanga are the intellectual principles that guide behaviour. Kawa are the ritual manifestations of tikanga Tikanga were commonly understood, emotionally and spiritually entrenched systems of law, justice

FURTHER READINGS If you would like to read more about Maori protocols have a look at the following books: Mead, Hirini.M, 2003. Tikanga Maori: Living by Maori Values. Rewi, Poia, 2010. Whaikorero: The World of Maori Oratory. Salmond, Anne, 1996. Hui: A Study of Maori Gatherings.